/* t_zset.c -- zset data type implementation.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009-Present, Redis Ltd.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2024-present, Valkey contributors.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under your choice of (a) the Redis Source Available License 2.0
 * (RSALv2); or (b) the Server Side Public License v1 (SSPLv1); or (c) the
 * GNU Affero General Public License v3 (AGPLv3).
 *
 * Portions of this file are available under BSD3 terms; see REDISCONTRIBUTIONS for more information.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Sorted set API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* ZSETs are ordered sets using two data structures to hold the same elements
 * in order to get O(log(N)) INSERT and REMOVE operations into a sorted
 * data structure.
 *
 * The elements are added to a hash table mapping Redis objects to scores.
 * At the same time the elements are added to a skip list mapping scores
 * to Redis objects (so objects are sorted by scores in this "view").
 *
 * Note that the SDS string representing the element is the same in both
 * the hash table and skiplist in order to save memory. What we do in order
 * to manage the shared SDS string more easily is to free the SDS string
 * only in zslFreeNode(). The dictionary has no value free method set.
 * So we should always remove an element from the dictionary, and later from
 * the skiplist.
 *
 * This skiplist implementation is almost a C translation of the original
 * algorithm described by William Pugh in "Skip Lists: A Probabilistic
 * Alternative to Balanced Trees", modified in three ways:
 * a) this implementation allows for repeated scores.
 * b) the comparison is not just by key (our 'score') but by satellite data.
 * c) there is a back pointer, so it's a doubly linked list with the back
 * pointers being only at "level 1". This allows to traverse the list
 * from tail to head, useful for ZREVRANGE. */
#include "fast_float_strtod.h"
#include "server.h"
#include "intset.h"  /* Compact integer set structure */
#include <math.h>

#define ZSL_OFFSET_MAX_ELE  UINT16_MAX
#define ZSL_OFFSET_NO_ELE   UINT16_MAX

const void *zslGetNodeElementForDict(const void *node);

/* dictType for zset's dict (maps sds to zskiplistNode*) */
dictType zsetDictType = {
    dictSdsHash,        /* hash function */
    NULL,               /* key dup */
    NULL,               /* val dup */
    dictSdsKeyCompare,  /* compares embedded sds by keyFromStoredKey */
    NULL,               /* key destructor - skiplist owns the node memory */
    NULL,               /* val destructor */
    NULL,               /* allow to expand */
    .no_value = 1,      /* no values stored (only nodes) */
    .keyFromStoredKey = zslGetNodeElementForDict,  /* extract embedded sds from node */
};

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Skiplist implementation of the low level API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int zslLexValueGteMin(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec);
int zslLexValueLteMax(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec);
void zsetConvertAndExpand(robj *zobj, int encoding, unsigned long cap);
static zskiplistNode *zslGetElementByRankFromNode(zskiplistNode *start_node, int start_level, unsigned long rank);

static inline unsigned long zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(zskiplistNode *x, int level) {
    /* At level 0, span stores node level instead of distance, so return the actual span value:
     * 1 for all nodes except the last node (which has span 0). */
    if (level > 0) return x->level[level].span;
    /* For level 0, if regular node, span is 1. If tail node, span is 0. */
    return x->level[0].forward ? 1 : 0;
}

static inline void zslSetNodeSpanAtLevel(zskiplistNode *x, int level, unsigned long span) {
    /* Skip level 0 since it stores node level, not span. */
    if (level > 0)
        x->level[level].span = span;
}

static inline void zslIncrNodeSpanAtLevel(zskiplistNode *x, int level, unsigned long incr) {
    /* Skip level 0 since it stores node level, not span. */
    if (level > 0)
        x->level[level].span += incr;
}

static inline void zslDecrNodeSpanAtLevel(zskiplistNode *x, int level, unsigned long decr) {
    /* Skip level 0 since it stores node level, not span. */
    if (level > 0)
        x->level[level].span -= decr;
}

/* Get zskiplistNodeInfo from node (stored in level[0].span). */
static_assert(sizeof(zskiplistNodeInfo) <= sizeof(((zskiplistNode *)0)->level[0].span), "Must fit in level[0].span");
static inline zskiplistNodeInfo *zslGetNodeInfo(const zskiplistNode *node) {
    return (zskiplistNodeInfo *)&node->level[0].span;
}

/* Set zskiplistNodeInfo in node (stored in level[0].span) */
static inline void zslSetNodeInfo(zskiplistNode *node, uint8_t levels, uint16_t sdsoffset) {
    union {
        zskiplistNodeInfo info;
        unsigned long span;
    } u = { .info = { .levels = levels, .sdsoffset = sdsoffset } };
    node->level[0].span = u.span;
}

/* Compare {score, ele} with node. Returns: 1=bigger 0=equal -1=smaller
 *
 * Ordering is by score first, then lexicographically by element.
 * NULL is treated as +infinity (comes after any real node). */
int zslCompareWithNode(double score, sds ele, const zskiplistNode *n) {
    if (/*score < */ n == NULL) return -1; /* NULL is +infinity, comes after any real node */
    if (score < n->score) return -1;
    if (score > n->score) return 1;
    /* Scores are equal, compare elements lexicographically */
    return sdscmp(ele, zslGetNodeElement(n));
}

/* Get embedded sds from node. Uses the stored offset to directly access the sds data */
sds zslGetNodeElement(const zskiplistNode *node) {
    zskiplistNodeInfo *info = zslGetNodeInfo(node);
    debugServerAssert(info->sdsoffset != ZSL_OFFSET_NO_ELE);
    return (char*)node + info->sdsoffset;
}

/* Wrapper for dict getKeyId callback - extracts sds from node pointer.
 * This allows the dict to store zskiplistNode* but look them up using sds. */
const void *zslGetNodeElementForDict(const void *node) {
    return zslGetNodeElement((zskiplistNode*)node);
}

/* Create a skiplist header node with ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL levels */
static zskiplistNode *zslCreateHeaderNode(zskiplist *zsl) {
    size_t usable;
    zskiplistNode *zn = zmalloc_usable(sizeof(*zn) + ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL * sizeof(struct zskiplistLevel), &usable);

    /* Initialize all fields */
    zn->score = 0;
    zn->backward = NULL;

    /* Initialize all level pointers and spans */
    for (int j = 0; j < ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL; j++) {
        zn->level[j].forward = NULL;
        zn->level[j].span = 0;  /* Will be overwritten for level[0] below */
    }

    /* Use ZSL_OFFSET_NO_ELE as sentinel to indicate no embedded sds (header node) */
    zslSetNodeInfo(zn, ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL, ZSL_OFFSET_NO_ELE);

    /* Track allocation size */
    zsl->alloc_size += usable;

    return zn;
}

/* Create a skiplist node with the specified number of levels.
 * The SDS string 'ele' is COPIED into an embedded sds within the node allocation.
 * This creates a single allocation containing: node + level[] + embedded sds.
 * The caller is responsible for freeing 'ele' if it's no longer needed. */
static zskiplistNode *zslCreateNode(zskiplist *zsl, int level, double score, sds ele) {
    size_t usable;
    size_t ele_len = sdslen(ele);
    char sds_type = sdsReqType(ele_len);
    size_t sds_hdr_len = sdsHdrSize(sds_type);

    /* Calculate total size: node fixed part + level[] + sds buffer space */
    size_t node_size = sizeof(zskiplistNode) + level * sizeof(struct zskiplistLevel);
    size_t sds_buf_size = sds_hdr_len + ele_len + 1;  /* header + data + null terminator */
    size_t total_size = node_size + sds_buf_size;

    /* Allocate single block for everything */
    zskiplistNode *zn = zmalloc_usable(total_size, &usable);

    /* Initialize node fields */
    zn->score = score;
    zn->backward = NULL;

    /* Calculate offset from node start to sds data (after sds header) */
    size_t sds_offset = node_size + sds_hdr_len;
    debugServerAssert(sds_offset < ZSL_OFFSET_MAX_ELE);

    /* Initialize embedded sds using sdsnewplacement */
    char *sds_buf = (char*)zn + node_size;
    sds embedded_sds = sdsnewplacement(sds_buf, sds_buf_size, sds_type, ele, ele_len);

    /* Store node info in level[0].span */
    zslSetNodeInfo(zn, level, sds_offset);

    /* Verify that embedded_sds matches our calculated offset */
    serverAssert(embedded_sds == (sds)((char*)zn + sds_offset));

    /* Update allocation size tracking */
    zsl->alloc_size += usable;

    return zn;
}

/* Create a new skiplist. */
zskiplist *zslCreate(void) {
    zskiplist *zsl;
    size_t zsl_size;

    zsl = zmalloc_usable(sizeof(*zsl), &zsl_size);
    zsl->level = 1;
    zsl->length = 0;
    zsl->alloc_size = zsl_size;
    zsl->header = zslCreateHeaderNode(zsl);
    zsl->header->backward = NULL;
    zsl->tail = NULL;
    return zsl;
}

/* Free the specified skiplist node. The embedded SDS is freed as part of
 * the single allocation (node + level[] + embedded sds). */
static void zslFreeNode(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *node) {
    size_t usable;
    /* No separate sdsfree() needed - embedded sds is part of node allocation */
    zfree_usable(node, &usable);
    zsl->alloc_size -= usable;
}

/* Free a whole skiplist. */
void zslFree(zskiplist *zsl) {
    zskiplistNode *node = zsl->header->level[0].forward, *next;
    size_t usable;

    zfree_usable(zsl->header, &usable);
    zsl->alloc_size -= usable;
    while(node) {
        next = node->level[0].forward;
        zslFreeNode(zsl, node);
        node = next;
    }
    debugServerAssert(zsl->alloc_size == zmalloc_usable_size(zsl));
    zfree(zsl);
}

/* Return cached total memory used (in bytes) */
size_t zslAllocSize(const zskiplist *zsl) { return zsl->alloc_size; }

/* Returns a random level for the new skiplist node we are going to create.
 * The return value of this function is between 1 and ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL
 * (both inclusive), with a powerlaw-alike distribution where higher
 * levels are less likely to be returned. */
static int zslRandomLevel(void) {
    static const int threshold = ZSKIPLIST_P*RAND_MAX;
    int level = 1;
    while (random() < threshold)
        level += 1;
    return (level<ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL) ? level : ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL;
}

/* Insert an already-created node, with its score, element set into the skiplist 
 * at the correct position. Updates all forward/backward pointers and spans.
 * The node's level must already be set via zslSetNodeInfo(). */
static void zslInsertNode(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *node) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL];  /* Nodes that will point to the new node at each level */
    unsigned long rank[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL];     /* Rank (0-based) at each level during traversal */
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i, level;
    double score = node->score;
    sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(node);
    level = zslGetNodeInfo(node)->levels;
    serverAssert(!isnan(score));

    /* Find the position where this node should be inserted */
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* store rank that is crossed to reach the insert position */
        rank[i] = i == (zsl->level-1) ? 0 : rank[i+1];
        while (zslCompareWithNode(score, ele, x->level[i].forward) > 0) {
            rank[i] += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Update skiplist level if needed */
    if (level > zsl->level) {
        for (i = zsl->level; i < level; i++) {
            rank[i] = 0;
            update[i] = zsl->header;
            zslSetNodeSpanAtLevel(update[i], i, zsl->length);
        }
        zsl->level = level;
        zslGetNodeInfo(zsl->header)->levels = level;
    }

    /* Insert the node at the found position */
    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
        node->level[i].forward = update[i]->level[i].forward;
        update[i]->level[i].forward = node;

        /* update span covered by update[i] as node is inserted here */
        zslSetNodeSpanAtLevel(node, i, zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(update[i], i) - (rank[0] - rank[i]));
        zslSetNodeSpanAtLevel(update[i], i, (rank[0] - rank[i]) + 1);
    }

    /* increment span for untouched levels */
    for (i = level; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        zslIncrNodeSpanAtLevel(update[i], i, 1);
    }

    /* Update backward pointers */
    node->backward = (update[0] == zsl->header) ? NULL : update[0];
    if (node->level[0].forward)
        node->level[0].forward->backward = node;
    else
        zsl->tail = node;

    zsl->length++;
}

/* Insert a new node in the skiplist. Assumes the element does not already
 * exist (up to the caller to enforce that). The element 'ele' is COPIED
 * into the new node, so the caller retains ownership and can free it. */
zskiplistNode *zslInsert(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    int level;

    serverAssert(!isnan(score));

    /* we assume the element is not already inside, since we allow duplicated
     * scores, reinserting the same element should never happen since the
     * caller of zslInsert() should test in the hash table if the element is
     * already inside or not. */
    level = zslRandomLevel();
    zskiplistNode *node = zslCreateNode(zsl, level, score, ele);
    zslInsertNode(zsl, node);
    return node;
}

/* Internal function used by zslDelete, zslDeleteRangeByScore and
 * zslDeleteRangeByRank.
 * This function only unlinks the node from the skiplist structure but does NOT free it.
 * The caller is responsible for freeing the node with zslFreeNode(). */
static void zslUnlinkNode(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *x, zskiplistNode **update) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        if (update[i]->level[i].forward == x) {
            zslIncrNodeSpanAtLevel(update[i], i, zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i) - 1);
            update[i]->level[i].forward = x->level[i].forward;
        } else {
            zslDecrNodeSpanAtLevel(update[i], i, 1);
        }
    }
    if (x->level[0].forward) {
        x->level[0].forward->backward = x->backward;
    } else {
        zsl->tail = x->backward;
    }
    /* Decrease skiplist level if top levels are empty, and clear their spans */
    while(zsl->level > 1 && zsl->header->level[zsl->level-1].forward == NULL) {
        zsl->header->level[zsl->level-1].span = 0;
        zsl->level--;
    }
    zsl->length--;
}

/* Delete the specified node from the skiplist.
 * The node is unlinked from all levels and then freed by zslFreeNode(),
 * which also frees the embedded SDS string. */
static void zslDelete(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *node) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i;
    double score = node->score;
    sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(node);

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (zslCompareWithNode(score, ele, x->level[i].forward) > 0) {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Verify we truly found the node */
    serverAssert(x->level[0].forward == node);

    zslUnlinkNode(zsl, node, update);
    zslFreeNode(zsl, node);
}

/* Update the score of an element inside the sorted set skiplist.
 * If the new score would keep the node in its current position, updates in-place and returns NULL.
 * Otherwise, unlinks the node, updates score, reinserts at correct position, and returns node.
 * Anyway, the node pointer stays the same (no dict update needed). */
static void zslUpdateScore(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *node, double newscore) {
    /* Fast path: if the node, after the score update, would be still exactly
     * at the same position, we can just update the score without
     * actually removing and re-inserting the element in the skiplist. */
    if ((node->backward == NULL || node->backward->score < newscore) &&
        (node->level[0].forward == NULL || node->level[0].forward->score > newscore))
    {
        node->score = newscore;
        return;
    }

    /* Slow path: need to reposition the node.
     * Find the update[] array for unlinking. */
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i;
    double curscore = node->score;
    sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(node);

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (zslCompareWithNode(curscore, ele, x->level[i].forward) > 0) {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Verify we found the right node */
    serverAssert(x->level[0].forward == node);

    /* Unlink, update score, and reinsert at new position.
     * We reuse the same node to avoid dict updates. */
    zslUnlinkNode(zsl, node, update);
    node->score = newscore;
    zslInsertNode(zsl, node);
}

int zslValueGteMin(double value, zrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->minex ? (value > spec->min) : (value >= spec->min);
}

int zslValueLteMax(double value, zrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->maxex ? (value < spec->max) : (value <= spec->max);
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in range. */
static int zslIsInRange(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    if (range->min > range->max ||
            (range->min == range->max && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->tail;
    if (x == NULL || !zslValueGteMin(x->score,range))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
    if (x == NULL || !zslValueLteMax(x->score,range))
        return 0;
    return 1;
}

/* Find the Nth element within the specified score range.
 *
 * Parameters:
 *   - N is 0-based for forward direction (0 = first element in range)
 *   - N can be negative for reverse direction (-1 = last element in range)
 *
 * Returns:
 *   - The skiplist node at position N within the range, or NULL if:
 *     * N is out of bounds for the range
 *     * The range contains no elements
 *   - If out_rank!=NULL, it receives the 1-based absolute rank of the returned node 
 */
zskiplistNode *zslNthInRange(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range, long n, unsigned long *out_rank) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i;
    long edge_rank = 0; /* 0-based rank of the last element smaller than the range. */
    long last_highest_level_rank = 0;
    zskiplistNode *last_highest_level_node = NULL;
    unsigned long rank_diff;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zslIsInRange(zsl,range)) return NULL;

    /* Go forward while *OUT* of range at level of zsl->level-1. */
    x = zsl->header;
    i = zsl->level - 1;
    while (x->level[i].forward && !zslValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->score, range)) {
        edge_rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
        x = x->level[i].forward;
    }
    /* Remember the last node which has zsl->level-1 levels and its rank. */
    last_highest_level_node = x;
    last_highest_level_rank = edge_rank;

    if (n >= 0) {
        for (i = zsl->level - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
            /* Go forward while *OUT* of range. */
            while (x->level[i].forward && !zslValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->score, range)) {
                /* Count the rank of the last element smaller than the range. */
                edge_rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
                x = x->level[i].forward;
            }
        }
        /* Check if zsl is long enough. */
        if ((unsigned long)(edge_rank + n) >= zsl->length) return NULL;
        if (n < ZSKIPLIST_MAX_SEARCH) {
            /* If offset is small, we can just jump node by node */
            /* rank+1 is the first element in range, so we need n+1 steps to reach target. */
            for (i = 0; i < n + 1; i++) { 
                x = x->level[0].forward;
            }
        } else {
            /* If offset is big, we can jump from the last zsl->level-1 node. */
            rank_diff = edge_rank + 1 + n - last_highest_level_rank;
            x = zslGetElementByRankFromNode(last_highest_level_node, zsl->level - 1, rank_diff);
        }
        /* Check if score <= max. */
        if (x && !zslValueLteMax(x->score,range)) return NULL;
        /* Store rank if requested. For n >= 0, the returned node is at rank edge_rank + n + 1. */
        if (x && out_rank) *out_rank = edge_rank + n + 1;
    } else  {
        for (i = zsl->level - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            /* Go forward while *IN* range. */
            while (x->level[i].forward && zslValueLteMax(x->level[i].forward->score, range)) {
                /* Count the rank of the last element in range. */
                edge_rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
                x = x->level[i].forward;
            }
        }
        /* Check if the range is big enough. */
        if (edge_rank < -n) return NULL;
        if (n + 1 > -ZSKIPLIST_MAX_SEARCH) {
            /* If offset is small, we can just jump node by node */
            /* rank is the -1th element in range, so we need -n-1 steps to reach target. */
            for (i = 0; i < -n - 1; i++) {
                x = x->backward;
            }
        } else {
            /* If offset is big, we can jump from the last zsl->level-1 node. */
            /* rank is the last element in range, n is -1-based, so we need n+1 to count backwards. */
            rank_diff = edge_rank + 1 + n - last_highest_level_rank;
            x = zslGetElementByRankFromNode(last_highest_level_node, zsl->level - 1, rank_diff);
        }
        /* Check if score >= min. */
        if (x && !zslValueGteMin(x->score, range)) return NULL;
        /* Store rank if requested. For n < 0, the returned node is at rank edge_rank + n + 1. */
        if (x && out_rank) *out_rank = edge_rank + n + 1;
    }

    return x;
}

/* Delete all the elements with score between min and max from the skiplist.
 * Both min and max can be inclusive or exclusive (see range->minex and
 * range->maxex). When inclusive a score >= min && score <= max is deleted.
 * Note that this function takes the reference to the hash table view of the
 * sorted set, in order to remove the elements from the hash table too. */
static unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByScore(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long removed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->score, range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Current node is the last with score < or <= min. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;

    /* Delete nodes while in range. */
    while (x && zslValueLteMax(x->score, range)) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslUnlinkNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,zslGetNodeElement(x));
        zslFreeNode(zsl, x); /* Here is where x->ele is actually released. */
        removed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

static unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByLex(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long removed = 0;
    int i;


    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslLexValueGteMin(zslGetNodeElement(x->level[i].forward),range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Current node is the last with score < or <= min. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;

    /* Delete nodes while in range. */
    while (x && zslLexValueLteMax(zslGetNodeElement(x),range)) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslUnlinkNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,zslGetNodeElement(x));
        zslFreeNode(zsl, x); /* Here is where x->ele is actually released. */
        removed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

/* Delete all the elements with rank between start and end from the skiplist.
 * Start and end are inclusive. Note that start and end need to be 1-based */
static unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByRank(zskiplist *zsl, unsigned int start, unsigned int end, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long traversed = 0, removed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward && (traversed + zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i)) < start) {
            traversed += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    traversed++;
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    while (x && traversed <= end) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslUnlinkNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,zslGetNodeElement(x));
        zslFreeNode(zsl, x);
        removed++;
        traversed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

/* Find the rank for an element by both score and key.
 * Returns 0 when the element cannot be found, rank otherwise.
 * Note that the rank is 1-based due to the span of zsl->header to the
 * first element. */
unsigned long zslGetRank(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    unsigned long rank = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (zslCompareWithNode(score, ele, x->level[i].forward) >= 0) {
            rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }

        if (x != zsl->header && zslCompareWithNode(score, ele, x) == 0) {
            return rank;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Find the rank for a skiplist node by walking forward from the node to the end.
 * This avoids expensive string comparisons during traversal. The algorithm:
 * 1. Start at the given node's top level
 * 2. Walk forward to the tail, jumping at each node's top level
 * 3. Sum the spans to get distance from node to end
 * 4. Calculate rank as (list_length - distance_to_end)
 * Time complexity: O(log N) on average, same as traditional approach but faster
 * due to avoiding string comparisons. */
unsigned long zslGetRankByNode(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *x) {
    unsigned long distance_to_end = 0;
    int level;
    
    /* Walk forward from x to the end, using top level of each node for fast jumps */
    while (x) {
        level = zslGetNodeInfo(x)->levels - 1;
        distance_to_end += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, level);
        x = x->level[level].forward;
    }
    
    /* Rank = total nodes - nodes after this one */
    return zsl->length - distance_to_end;
}

/* Finds an element by its rank from start node. The rank argument needs to be 1-based. */
static zskiplistNode *zslGetElementByRankFromNode(zskiplistNode *start_node, int start_level, unsigned long rank) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    unsigned long traversed = 0;
    int i;

    x = start_node;
    for (i = start_level; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward && (traversed + zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i)) <= rank)
        {
            traversed += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        if (traversed == rank) {
            return x;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Finds an element by its rank. The rank argument needs to be 1-based. */
zskiplistNode *zslGetElementByRank(zskiplist *zsl, unsigned long rank) {
    return zslGetElementByRankFromNode(zsl->header, zsl->level - 1, rank);
}

/* Populate the rangespec according to the objects min and max. */
static int zslParseRange(robj *min, robj *max, zrangespec *spec) {
    char *eptr;
    spec->minex = spec->maxex = 0;

    /* Parse the min-max interval. If one of the values is prefixed
     * by the "(" character, it's considered "open". For instance
     * ZRANGEBYSCORE zset (1.5 (2.5 will match min < x < max
     * ZRANGEBYSCORE zset 1.5 2.5 will instead match min <= x <= max */
    if (min->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) {
        spec->min = (long)min->ptr;
    } else {
        if (((char*)min->ptr)[0] == '(') {
            spec->min = fast_float_strtod((char*)min->ptr+1,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->min)) return C_ERR;
            spec->minex = 1;
        } else {
            spec->min = fast_float_strtod((char*)min->ptr,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->min)) return C_ERR;
        }
    }
    if (max->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) {
        spec->max = (long)max->ptr;
    } else {
        if (((char*)max->ptr)[0] == '(') {
            spec->max = fast_float_strtod((char*)max->ptr+1,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->max)) return C_ERR;
            spec->maxex = 1;
        } else {
            spec->max = fast_float_strtod((char*)max->ptr,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->max)) return C_ERR;
        }
    }

    return C_OK;
}

/* ------------------------ Lexicographic ranges ---------------------------- */

/* Parse max or min argument of ZRANGEBYLEX.
  * (foo means foo (open interval)
  * [foo means foo (closed interval)
  * - means the min string possible
  * + means the max string possible
  *
  * If the string is valid the *dest pointer is set to the redis object
  * that will be used for the comparison, and ex will be set to 0 or 1
  * respectively if the item is exclusive or inclusive. C_OK will be
  * returned.
  *
  * If the string is not a valid range C_ERR is returned, and the value
  * of *dest and *ex is undefined. */
static int zslParseLexRangeItem(robj *item, sds *dest, int *ex) {
    char *c = item->ptr;

    switch(c[0]) {
    case '+':
        if (c[1] != '\0') return C_ERR;
        *ex = 1;
        *dest = shared.maxstring;
        return C_OK;
    case '-':
        if (c[1] != '\0') return C_ERR;
        *ex = 1;
        *dest = shared.minstring;
        return C_OK;
    case '(':
        *ex = 1;
        *dest = sdsnewlen(c+1,sdslen(c)-1);
        return C_OK;
    case '[':
        *ex = 0;
        *dest = sdsnewlen(c+1,sdslen(c)-1);
        return C_OK;
    default:
        return C_ERR;
    }
}

/* Free a lex range structure, must be called only after zslParseLexRange()
 * populated the structure with success (C_OK returned). */
void zslFreeLexRange(zlexrangespec *spec) {
    if (spec->min != shared.minstring &&
        spec->min != shared.maxstring) sdsfree(spec->min);
    if (spec->max != shared.minstring &&
        spec->max != shared.maxstring) sdsfree(spec->max);
}

/* Populate the lex rangespec according to the objects min and max.
 *
 * Return C_OK on success. On error C_ERR is returned.
 * When OK is returned the structure must be freed with zslFreeLexRange(),
 * otherwise no release is needed. */
int zslParseLexRange(robj *min, robj *max, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    /* The range can't be valid if objects are integer encoded.
     * Every item must start with ( or [. */
    if (min->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT ||
        max->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) return C_ERR;

    spec->min = spec->max = NULL;
    if (zslParseLexRangeItem(min, &spec->min, &spec->minex) == C_ERR ||
        zslParseLexRangeItem(max, &spec->max, &spec->maxex) == C_ERR) {
        zslFreeLexRange(spec);
        return C_ERR;
    } else {
        return C_OK;
    }
}

/* This is just a wrapper to sdscmp() that is able to
 * handle shared.minstring and shared.maxstring as the equivalent of
 * -inf and +inf for strings */
static int sdscmplex(sds a, sds b) {
    if (a == b) return 0;
    if (a == shared.minstring || b == shared.maxstring) return -1;
    if (a == shared.maxstring || b == shared.minstring) return 1;
    return sdscmp(a,b);
}

int zslLexValueGteMin(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->minex ?
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->min) > 0) :
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->min) >= 0);
}

int zslLexValueLteMax(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->maxex ?
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->max) < 0) :
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->max) <= 0);
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in the lex range. */
static int zslIsInLexRange(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    int cmp = sdscmplex(range->min,range->max);
    if (cmp > 0 || (cmp == 0 && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->tail;
    if ((x == NULL) || (!zslLexValueGteMin(zslGetNodeElement(x),range)))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
    if ((x == NULL) || (!zslLexValueLteMax(zslGetNodeElement(x),range)))
        return 0;
    return 1;
}

/* Find the Nth node that is contained in the specified range. N should be 0-based.
 * Negative N works for reversed order (-1 represents the last element). Returns
 * NULL when no element is contained in the range.
 * If out_rank is not NULL, stores the 1-based rank of the returned node. */
zskiplistNode *zslNthInLexRange(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range, long n, unsigned long *out_rank) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i;
    long edge_rank = 0;
    long last_highest_level_rank = 0;
    zskiplistNode *last_highest_level_node = NULL;
    unsigned long rank_diff;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zslIsInLexRange(zsl,range)) return NULL;

    /* Go forward while *OUT* of range at level of zsl->level-1. */
    x = zsl->header;
    i = zsl->level - 1;
    while (x->level[i].forward && !zslLexValueGteMin(zslGetNodeElement(x->level[i].forward), range)) {
        edge_rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
        x = x->level[i].forward;
    }
    /* Remember the last node which has zsl->level-1 levels and its rank. */
    last_highest_level_node = x;
    last_highest_level_rank = edge_rank;

    if (n >= 0) {
        for (i = zsl->level - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
            /* Go forward while *OUT* of range. */
            while (x->level[i].forward && !zslLexValueGteMin(zslGetNodeElement(x->level[i].forward), range)) {
                /* Count the rank of the last element smaller than the range. */
                edge_rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
                x = x->level[i].forward;
            }
        }
        /* Check if zsl is long enough. */
        if ((unsigned long)(edge_rank + n) >= zsl->length) return NULL; 
        if (n < ZSKIPLIST_MAX_SEARCH) {
            /* If offset is small, we can just jump node by node */
            /* rank+1 is the first element in range, so we need n+1 steps to reach target. */
            for (i = 0; i < n + 1; i++) { 
                x = x->level[0].forward;
            }
        } else {
            /* If offset is big, we can jump from the last zsl->level-1 node. */
            rank_diff = edge_rank + 1 + n - last_highest_level_rank;
            x = zslGetElementByRankFromNode(last_highest_level_node, zsl->level - 1, rank_diff);
        }
        /* Check if score <= max. */
        if (x && !zslLexValueLteMax(zslGetNodeElement(x),range)) return NULL;
        /* Store rank if requested. For n >= 0, the returned node is at rank edge_rank + n + 1. */
        if (x && out_rank) *out_rank = edge_rank + n + 1;
    } else {
        for (i = zsl->level - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            /* Go forward while *IN* range. */
            while (x->level[i].forward && zslLexValueLteMax(zslGetNodeElement(x->level[i].forward), range)) {
                /* Count the rank of the last element in range. */
                edge_rank += zslGetNodeSpanAtLevel(x, i);
                x = x->level[i].forward;
            }
        }
        /* Check if the range is big enough. */
        if (edge_rank < -n) return NULL;
        if (n + 1 > -ZSKIPLIST_MAX_SEARCH) {
            /* If offset is small, we can just jump node by node */
            for (i = 0; i < -n - 1; i++) {
                x = x->backward;
            }
        } else {
            /* If offset is big, we can jump from the last zsl->level-1 node. */
            /* rank is the last element in range, n is -1-based, so we need n+1 to count backwards. */
            rank_diff = edge_rank + 1 + n - last_highest_level_rank;
            x = zslGetElementByRankFromNode(last_highest_level_node, zsl->level - 1, rank_diff);
        }
        /* Check if score >= min. */
        if (x && !zslLexValueGteMin(zslGetNodeElement(x), range)) return NULL;
        /* Store rank if requested. For n < 0, the returned node is at rank edge_rank + n + 1. */
        if (x && out_rank) *out_rank = edge_rank + n + 1;
    }

    return x;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Listpack-backed sorted set API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static double zzlStrtod(unsigned char *vstr, unsigned int vlen) {
    char buf[128];
    if (vlen > sizeof(buf) - 1)
        vlen = sizeof(buf) - 1;
    memcpy(buf,vstr,vlen);
    buf[vlen] = '\0';
    return fast_float_strtod(buf,NULL);
 }

double zzlGetScore(unsigned char *sptr) {
    unsigned char *vstr;
    unsigned int vlen;
    long long vlong;
    double score;

    serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
    vstr = lpGetValue(sptr,&vlen,&vlong);

    if (vstr) {
        score = zzlStrtod(vstr,vlen);
    } else {
        score = vlong;
    }

    return score;
}

/* Return a listpack element as an SDS string. */
sds lpGetObject(unsigned char *sptr) {
    unsigned char *vstr;
    unsigned int vlen;
    long long vlong;

    serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
    vstr = lpGetValue(sptr,&vlen,&vlong);

    if (vstr) {
        return sdsnewlen((char*)vstr,vlen);
    } else {
        return sdsfromlonglong(vlong);
    }
}

/* Compare element in sorted set with given element. */
static int zzlCompareElements(unsigned char *eptr, unsigned char *cstr, unsigned int clen) {
    unsigned char *vstr;
    unsigned int vlen;
    long long vlong;
    unsigned char vbuf[32];
    int minlen, cmp;

    vstr = lpGetValue(eptr,&vlen,&vlong);
    if (vstr == NULL) {
        /* Store string representation of long long in buf. */
        vlen = ll2string((char*)vbuf,sizeof(vbuf),vlong);
        vstr = vbuf;
    }

    minlen = (vlen < clen) ? vlen : clen;
    cmp = memcmp(vstr,cstr,minlen);
    if (cmp == 0) return vlen-clen;
    return cmp;
}

static unsigned int zzlLength(unsigned char *zl) {
    return lpLength(zl)/2;
}

/* Move to next entry based on the values in eptr and sptr. Both are set to
 * NULL when there is no next entry. */
void zzlNext(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char **eptr, unsigned char **sptr) {
    unsigned char *_eptr, *_sptr;
    serverAssert(*eptr != NULL && *sptr != NULL);

    _eptr = lpNext(zl,*sptr);
    if (_eptr != NULL) {
        _sptr = lpNext(zl,_eptr);
        serverAssert(_sptr != NULL);
    } else {
        /* No next entry. */
        _sptr = NULL;
    }

    *eptr = _eptr;
    *sptr = _sptr;
}

/* Move to the previous entry based on the values in eptr and sptr. Both are
 * set to NULL when there is no prev entry. */
void zzlPrev(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char **eptr, unsigned char **sptr) {
    unsigned char *_eptr, *_sptr;
    serverAssert(*eptr != NULL && *sptr != NULL);

    _sptr = lpPrev(zl,*eptr);
    if (_sptr != NULL) {
        _eptr = lpPrev(zl,_sptr);
        serverAssert(_eptr != NULL);
    } else {
        /* No previous entry. */
        _eptr = NULL;
    }

    *eptr = _eptr;
    *sptr = _sptr;
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in range. Should only be used
 * internally by zzlFirstInRange and zzlLastInRange. */
static int zzlIsInRange(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *p;
    double score;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    if (range->min > range->max ||
            (range->min == range->max && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;

    p = lpSeek(zl,-1); /* Last score. */
    if (p == NULL) return 0; /* Empty sorted set */
    score = zzlGetScore(p);
    if (!zslValueGteMin(score,range))
        return 0;

    p = lpSeek(zl,1); /* First score. */
    serverAssert(p != NULL);
    score = zzlGetScore(p);
    if (!zslValueLteMax(score,range))
        return 0;

    return 1;
}

/* Find pointer to the first element contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlFirstInRange(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = lpSeek(zl,0), *sptr;
    double score;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        if (zslValueGteMin(score,range)) {
            /* Check if score <= max. */
            if (zslValueLteMax(score,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        eptr = lpNext(zl,sptr);
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Find pointer to the last element contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlLastInRange(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = lpSeek(zl,-2), *sptr;
    double score;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        if (zslValueLteMax(score,range)) {
            /* Check if score >= min. */
            if (zslValueGteMin(score,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to previous element by moving to the score of previous element.
         * When this returns NULL, we know there also is no element. */
        sptr = lpPrev(zl,eptr);
        if (sptr != NULL)
            serverAssert((eptr = lpPrev(zl,sptr)) != NULL);
        else
            eptr = NULL;
    }

    return NULL;
}

int zzlLexValueGteMin(unsigned char *p, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    sds value = lpGetObject(p);
    int res = zslLexValueGteMin(value,spec);
    sdsfree(value);
    return res;
}

int zzlLexValueLteMax(unsigned char *p, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    sds value = lpGetObject(p);
    int res = zslLexValueLteMax(value,spec);
    sdsfree(value);
    return res;
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in range. Should only be used
 * internally by zzlFirstInLexRange and zzlLastInLexRange. */
static int zzlIsInLexRange(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *p;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    int cmp = sdscmplex(range->min,range->max);
    if (cmp > 0 || (cmp == 0 && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;

    p = lpSeek(zl,-2); /* Last element. */
    if (p == NULL) return 0;
    if (!zzlLexValueGteMin(p,range))
        return 0;

    p = lpSeek(zl,0); /* First element. */
    serverAssert(p != NULL);
    if (!zzlLexValueLteMax(p,range))
        return 0;

    return 1;
}

/* Find pointer to the first element contained in the specified lex range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlFirstInLexRange(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = lpSeek(zl,0), *sptr;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInLexRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        if (zzlLexValueGteMin(eptr,range)) {
            /* Check if score <= max. */
            if (zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr); /* This element score. Skip it. */
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
        eptr = lpNext(zl,sptr); /* Next element. */
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Find pointer to the last element contained in the specified lex range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlLastInLexRange(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = lpSeek(zl,-2), *sptr;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInLexRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        if (zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range)) {
            /* Check if score >= min. */
            if (zzlLexValueGteMin(eptr,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to previous element by moving to the score of previous element.
         * When this returns NULL, we know there also is no element. */
        sptr = lpPrev(zl,eptr);
        if (sptr != NULL)
            serverAssert((eptr = lpPrev(zl,sptr)) != NULL);
        else
            eptr = NULL;
    }

    return NULL;
}

static unsigned char *zzlFind(unsigned char *lp, sds ele, double *score) {
    unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;

    if ((eptr = lpFirst(lp)) == NULL) return NULL;
    eptr = lpFind(lp, eptr, (unsigned char*)ele, sdslen(ele), 1);
    if (eptr) {
        sptr = lpNext(lp,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        /* Matching element, pull out score. */
        if (score != NULL) *score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        return eptr;
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Delete (element,score) pair from listpack. Use local copy of eptr because we
 * don't want to modify the one given as argument. */
static unsigned char *zzlDelete(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char *eptr) {
    return lpDeleteRangeWithEntry(zl,&eptr,2);
}

static unsigned char *zzlInsertAt(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char *eptr, sds ele, double score) {
    char scorebuf[MAX_D2STRING_CHARS];
    int scorelen = 0;
    long long lscore;
    int score_is_long = double2ll(score, &lscore);
    if (!score_is_long)
        scorelen = d2string(scorebuf,sizeof(scorebuf),score);

    listpackEntry entries[2];
    entries[0].sval = (unsigned char*)ele;
    entries[0].slen = sdslen(ele);
    if (score_is_long) {
        entries[1].sval = NULL;
        entries[1].lval = lscore;
    } else {
        entries[1].sval = (unsigned char*)scorebuf;
        entries[1].slen = scorelen;
    }

    if (eptr == NULL)
        zl = lpBatchAppend(zl, entries, 2);
    else
        zl = lpBatchInsert(zl, eptr, LP_BEFORE, entries, 2, NULL);

    return zl;
}

/* Insert (element,score) pair in listpack. This function assumes the element is
 * not yet present in the list. */
unsigned char *zzlInsert(unsigned char *zl, sds ele, double score) {
    unsigned char *eptr = lpSeek(zl,0), *sptr;
    double s;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
        s = zzlGetScore(sptr);

        if (s > score) {
            /* First element with score larger than score for element to be
             * inserted. This means we should take its spot in the list to
             * maintain ordering. */
            zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,eptr,ele,score);
            break;
        } else if (s == score) {
            /* Ensure lexicographical ordering for elements. */
            if (zzlCompareElements(eptr,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele)) > 0) {
                zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,eptr,ele,score);
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        eptr = lpNext(zl,sptr);
    }

    /* Push on tail of list when it was not yet inserted. */
    if (eptr == NULL)
        zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,NULL,ele,score);
    return zl;
}

static unsigned char *zzlDeleteRangeByScore(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range, unsigned long *deleted) {
    unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
    double score;
    unsigned long num = 0;

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = 0;

    eptr = zzlFirstInRange(zl,range);
    if (eptr == NULL) return zl;

    /* When the tail of the listpack is deleted, eptr will be NULL. */
    while (eptr && (sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr)) != NULL) {
        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        if (zslValueLteMax(score,range)) {
            /* Delete both the element and the score. */
            zl = lpDeleteRangeWithEntry(zl,&eptr,2);
            num++;
        } else {
            /* No longer in range. */
            break;
        }
    }

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = num;
    return zl;
}

static unsigned char *zzlDeleteRangeByLex(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range, unsigned long *deleted) {
    unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
    unsigned long num = 0;

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = 0;

    eptr = zzlFirstInLexRange(zl,range);
    if (eptr == NULL) return zl;

    /* When the tail of the listpack is deleted, eptr will be NULL. */
    while (eptr && (sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr)) != NULL) {
        if (zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range)) {
            /* Delete both the element and the score. */
            zl = lpDeleteRangeWithEntry(zl,&eptr,2);
            num++;
        } else {
            /* No longer in range. */
            break;
        }
    }

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = num;
    return zl;
}

/* Delete all the elements with rank between start and end from the skiplist.
 * Start and end are inclusive. Note that start and end need to be 1-based */
static unsigned char *zzlDeleteRangeByRank(unsigned char *zl, unsigned int start, unsigned int end, unsigned long *deleted) {
    unsigned int num = (end-start)+1;
    if (deleted) *deleted = num;
    zl = lpDeleteRange(zl,2*(start-1),2*num);
    return zl;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Common sorted set API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

unsigned long zsetLength(const robj *zobj) {
    unsigned long length = 0;
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        length = zzlLength(zobj->ptr);
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        length = ((const zset*)zobj->ptr)->zsl->length;
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return length;
}

size_t zsetAllocSize(const robj *o) {
    serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,o,o->type == OBJ_ZSET);
    size_t size = 0;
    if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        size = lpBytes(o->ptr);
    } else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        dict *d = ((zset*)o->ptr)->dict;
        zskiplist *zsl = ((zset*)o->ptr)->zsl;
        size = sizeof(zset) + zslAllocSize(zsl) +
            sizeof(dict) + dictMemUsage(d);
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return size;
}

/* Factory method to return a zset.
 *
 * The size hint indicates approximately how many items will be added,
 * and the value len hint indicates the approximate individual size of the added elements,
 * they are used to determine the initial representation.
 *
 * If the hints are not known, and underestimation or 0 is suitable. 
 * We should never pass a negative value because it will convert to a very large unsigned number. */
robj *zsetTypeCreate(size_t size_hint, size_t val_len_hint) {
    if (size_hint <= server.zset_max_listpack_entries &&
        val_len_hint <= server.zset_max_listpack_value)
    {
        return createZsetListpackObject();
    }

    robj *zobj = createZsetObject();
    zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
    dictExpand(zs->dict, size_hint);
    return zobj;
}

/* Check if the existing zset should be converted to another encoding based off the
 * the size hint. */
void zsetTypeMaybeConvert(robj *zobj, size_t size_hint) {
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK &&
        size_hint > server.zset_max_listpack_entries)
    {
        zsetConvertAndExpand(zobj, OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST, size_hint);
    }
}

/* Convert the zset to specified encoding. The zset dict (when converting
 * to a skiplist) is presized to hold the number of elements in the original
 * zset. */
void zsetConvert(robj *zobj, int encoding) {
    zsetConvertAndExpand(zobj, encoding, zsetLength(zobj));
}

/* Converts a zset to the specified encoding, pre-sizing it for 'cap' elements. */
void zsetConvertAndExpand(robj *zobj, int encoding, unsigned long cap) {
    zset *zs;
    zskiplistNode *node, *next;
    sds ele;
    double score;

    if (zobj->encoding == encoding) return;
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;

        if (encoding != OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST)
            serverPanic("Unknown target encoding");

        zs = zmalloc(sizeof(*zs));
        zs->dict = dictCreate(&zsetDictType);
        zs->zsl = zslCreate();

        /* Presize the dict to avoid rehashing */
        dictExpand(zs->dict, cap);

        eptr = lpSeek(zl,0);
        if (eptr != NULL) {
            sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
            serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,zobj,sptr != NULL);
        }

        while (eptr != NULL) {
            score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
            vstr = lpGetValue(eptr,&vlen,&vlong);
            if (vstr == NULL)
                ele = sdsfromlonglong(vlong);
            else
                ele = sdsnewlen((char*)vstr,vlen);

            node = zslInsert(zs->zsl,score,ele);
            serverAssert(dictAdd(zs->dict, node, NULL) == DICT_OK);
            sdsfree(ele); /* zslInsert copied it, we can free our copy */
            zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
        }

        zfree(zobj->ptr);
        zobj->ptr = zs;
        zobj->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST;
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = lpNew(0);

        if (encoding != OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK)
            serverPanic("Unknown target encoding");

        /* Approach similar to zslFree(), since we want to free the skiplist at
         * the same time as creating the listpack. */
        zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictRelease(zs->dict);
        node = zs->zsl->header->level[0].forward;
        zfree(zs->zsl->header);

        while (node) {
            zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,NULL,zslGetNodeElement(node),node->score);
            next = node->level[0].forward;
            zslFreeNode(zs->zsl, node);
            node = next;
        }

        zfree(zs->zsl);
        zfree(zs);
        zobj->ptr = zl;
        zobj->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK;
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
}

/* Convert the sorted set object into a listpack if it is not already a listpack
 * and if the number of elements and the maximum element size and total elements size
 * are within the expected ranges. */
void zsetConvertToListpackIfNeeded(robj *zobj, size_t maxelelen, size_t totelelen) {
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) return;
    zset *zset = zobj->ptr;

    if (zset->zsl->length <= server.zset_max_listpack_entries &&
        maxelelen <= server.zset_max_listpack_value &&
        lpSafeToAdd(NULL, totelelen))
    {
        zsetConvert(zobj,OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK);
    }
}

/* Return (by reference) the score of the specified member of the sorted set
 * storing it into *score. If the element does not exist C_ERR is returned
 * otherwise C_OK is returned and *score is correctly populated.
 * If 'zobj' or 'member' is NULL, C_ERR is returned. */
int zsetScore(robj *zobj, sds member, double *score) {
    if (!zobj || !member) return C_ERR;

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        if (zzlFind(zobj->ptr, member, score) == NULL) return C_ERR;
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictEntry *de = dictFind(zs->dict, member);
        if (de == NULL) return C_ERR;
        zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);
        *score = znode->score;
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return C_OK;
}

/* Add a new element or update the score of an existing element in a sorted
 * set, regardless of its encoding.
 *
 * The set of flags change the command behavior. 
 *
 * The input flags are the following:
 *
 * ZADD_INCR: Increment the current element score by 'score' instead of updating
 *            the current element score. If the element does not exist, we
 *            assume 0 as previous score.
 * ZADD_NX:   Perform the operation only if the element does not exist.
 * ZADD_XX:   Perform the operation only if the element already exist.
 * ZADD_GT:   Perform the operation on existing elements only if the new score is 
 *            greater than the current score.
 * ZADD_LT:   Perform the operation on existing elements only if the new score is 
 *            less than the current score.
 *
 * When ZADD_INCR is used, the new score of the element is stored in
 * '*newscore' if 'newscore' is not NULL.
 *
 * The returned flags are the following:
 *
 * ZADD_NAN:     The resulting score is not a number.
 * ZADD_ADDED:   The element was added (not present before the call).
 * ZADD_UPDATED: The element score was updated.
 * ZADD_NOP:     No operation was performed because of NX or XX.
 *
 * Return value:
 *
 * The function returns 1 on success, and sets the appropriate flags
 * ADDED or UPDATED to signal what happened during the operation (note that
 * none could be set if we re-added an element using the same score it used
 * to have, or in the case a zero increment is used).
 *
 * The function returns 0 on error, currently only when the increment
 * produces a NAN condition, or when the 'score' value is NAN since the
 * start.
 *
 * The command as a side effect of adding a new element may convert the sorted
 * set internal encoding from listpack to hashtable+skiplist.
 *
 * Memory management of 'ele':
 *
 * The function does not take ownership of the 'ele' SDS string, but copies
 * it if needed. */
int zsetAdd(robj *zobj, double score, sds ele, int in_flags, int *out_flags, double *newscore) {
    /* Turn options into simple to check vars. */
    int incr = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_INCR) != 0;
    int nx = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_NX) != 0;
    int xx = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_XX) != 0;
    int gt = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_GT) != 0;
    int lt = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_LT) != 0;
    *out_flags = 0; /* We'll return our response flags. */
    double curscore;

    /* NaN as input is an error regardless of all the other parameters. */
    if (isnan(score)) {
        *out_flags = ZADD_OUT_NAN;
        return 0;
    }

    /* Update the sorted set according to its encoding. */
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *eptr;

        if ((eptr = zzlFind(zobj->ptr,ele,&curscore)) != NULL) {
            /* NX? Return, same element already exists. */
            if (nx) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            /* Prepare the score for the increment if needed. */
            if (incr) {
                score += curscore;
                if (isnan(score)) {
                    *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NAN;
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            /* GT/LT? Only update if score is greater/less than current. */
            if ((lt && score >= curscore) || (gt && score <= curscore)) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            if (newscore) *newscore = score;

            /* Remove and re-insert when score changed. */
            if (score != curscore) {
                zobj->ptr = zzlDelete(zobj->ptr,eptr);
                zobj->ptr = zzlInsert(zobj->ptr,ele,score);
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_UPDATED;
            }
            return 1;
        } else if (!xx) {
            /* check if the element is too large or the list
             * becomes too long *before* executing zzlInsert. */
            if (zzlLength(zobj->ptr)+1 > server.zset_max_listpack_entries ||
                sdslen(ele) > server.zset_max_listpack_value ||
                !lpSafeToAdd(zobj->ptr, sdslen(ele)))
            {
                zsetConvertAndExpand(zobj, OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST, zsetLength(zobj) + 1);
            } else {
                zobj->ptr = zzlInsert(zobj->ptr,ele,score);
                if (newscore) *newscore = score;
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_ADDED;
                return 1;
            }
        } else {
            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
            return 1;
        }
    }

    /* Note that the above block handling listpack would have either returned or
     * converted the key to skiplist. */
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplistNode *znode;
        dictEntry *de;
        dictEntryLink bucket, link;

        /* Use dictFindLink to find the element and get the bucket for potential insertion.
         * This avoids a second lookup in dictAdd() if the element doesn't exist. */
        link = dictFindLink(zs->dict, ele, &bucket);

        if (link != NULL) {
            /* Element exists - get the dictEntry from the link */
            de = *link;

            /* NX? Return, same element already exists. */
            if (nx) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            /* Get the node pointer from dict entry */
            znode = dictGetKey(de);
            curscore = znode->score;

            /* Prepare the score for the increment if needed. */
            if (incr) {
                score += curscore;
                if (isnan(score)) {
                    *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NAN;
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            /* GT/LT? Only update if score is greater/less than current. */
            if ((lt && score >= curscore) || (gt && score <= curscore)) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            if (newscore) *newscore = score;

            /* Remove and re-insert when score changes. */
            if (score != curscore) {
                zslUpdateScore(zs->zsl, znode, score);
                /* Note that we did not remove the original element from
                 * the hash table representing the sorted set, so we don't
                 * need to update the dict - the node pointer stays the same. */
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_UPDATED;
            }
            return 1;
        } else if (!xx) {
            /* Element doesn't exist - create node with embedded sds and add to skiplist */
            znode = zslInsert(zs->zsl, score, ele);

            /* Add node pointer to dict using the bucket we already found */
            dictSetKeyAtLink(zs->dict, znode, &bucket, 1);

            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_ADDED;
            if (newscore) *newscore = score;
            return 1;
        } else {
            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
            return 1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return 0; /* Never reached. */
}

/* Deletes the element 'ele' from the sorted set encoded as a skiplist+dict,
 * returning 1 if the element existed and was deleted, 0 otherwise (the
 * element was not there). It does not resize the dict after deleting the
 * element. */
static int zsetRemoveFromSkiplist(zset *zs, sds ele) {
    dictEntry *de;

    de = dictUnlink(zs->dict,ele);
    if (de != NULL) {
        /* Get the node and score in order to delete from the skiplist later. */
        zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);

        /* Delete from the hash table and later from the skiplist.
         * Note that the order is important: deleting from the skiplist
         * actually releases the SDS string representing the element,
         * which is shared between the skiplist and the hash table, so
         * we need to delete from the skiplist as the final step. */
        dictFreeUnlinkedEntry(zs->dict,de);

        /* Delete from skiplist. */
        zslDelete(zs->zsl, znode);

        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Delete the element 'ele' from the sorted set, returning 1 if the element
 * existed and was deleted, 0 otherwise (the element was not there). */
int zsetDel(robj *zobj, sds ele) {
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *eptr;

        if ((eptr = zzlFind(zobj->ptr,ele,NULL)) != NULL) {
            zobj->ptr = zzlDelete(zobj->ptr,eptr);
            return 1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        if (zsetRemoveFromSkiplist(zs, ele)) {
            return 1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return 0; /* No such element found. */
}

/* Given a sorted set object returns the 0-based rank of the object or
 * -1 if the object does not exist.
 *
 * For rank we mean the position of the element in the sorted collection
 * of elements. So the first element has rank 0, the second rank 1, and so
 * forth up to length-1 elements.
 *
 * If 'reverse' is false, the rank is returned considering as first element
 * the one with the lowest score. Otherwise if 'reverse' is non-zero
 * the rank is computed considering as element with rank 0 the one with
 * the highest score. */
long zsetRank(robj *zobj, sds ele, int reverse, double *output_score) {
    unsigned long llen;
    unsigned long rank;

    llen = zsetLength(zobj);

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;

        eptr = lpSeek(zl,0);
        serverAssert(eptr != NULL);
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
        const size_t ele_len = sdslen(ele);
        long long cached_val = 0;
        int cached_valid = 0;
        rank = 1;
        while(eptr != NULL) {
            if (lpCompare(eptr,(unsigned char*)ele,ele_len,&cached_val,&cached_valid))
                break;
            rank++;
            zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
        }

        if (eptr != NULL) {
            if (output_score) 
                *output_score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
            if (reverse)
                return llen-rank;
            else
                return rank-1;
        } else {
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        dictEntry *de;

        de = dictFind(zs->dict,ele);
        if (de != NULL) {
            zskiplistNode *n = dictGetKey(de);
            rank = zslGetRankByNode(zsl, n);
            /* Existing elements always have a rank. */
            serverAssert(rank != 0);
            if (output_score)
                *output_score = n->score;
            if (reverse)
                return llen-rank;
            else
                return rank-1;
        } else {
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
}

/* This is a helper function for the COPY command.
 * Duplicate a sorted set object, with the guarantee that the returned object
 * has the same encoding as the original one.
 *
 * The resulting object always has refcount set to 1 */
robj *zsetDup(robj *o) {
    robj *zobj;
    zset *zs;
    zset *new_zs;

    serverAssert(o->type == OBJ_ZSET);

    /* Create a new sorted set object that have the same encoding as the original object's encoding */
    if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = o->ptr;
        size_t sz = lpBytes(zl);
        unsigned char *new_zl = zmalloc(sz);
        memcpy(new_zl, zl, sz);
        zobj = createObject(OBJ_ZSET, new_zl);
        zobj->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK;
    } else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zobj = createZsetObject();
        zs = o->ptr;
        new_zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictExpand(new_zs->dict,dictSize(zs->dict));
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;
        sds ele;
        long llen = zsetLength(o);

        /* We copy the skiplist elements from the greatest to the
         * smallest (that's trivial since the elements are already ordered in
         * the skiplist): this improves the load process, since the next loaded
         * element will always be the smaller, so adding to the skiplist
         * will always immediately stop at the head, making the insertion
         * O(1) instead of O(log(N)). */
        ln = zsl->tail;
        while (llen--) {
            ele = zslGetNodeElement(ln);
            zskiplistNode *znode = zslInsert(new_zs->zsl,ln->score,ele);
            dictAdd(new_zs->dict, znode, NULL);
            ln = ln->backward;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return zobj;
}

/* Create a new sds string from the listpack entry. */
sds zsetSdsFromListpackEntry(listpackEntry *e) {
    return e->sval ? sdsnewlen(e->sval, e->slen) : sdsfromlonglong(e->lval);
}

/* Reply with bulk string from the listpack entry. */
void zsetReplyFromListpackEntry(client *c, listpackEntry *e) {
    if (e->sval)
        addReplyBulkCBuffer(c, e->sval, e->slen);
    else
        addReplyBulkLongLong(c, e->lval);
}


/* Return random element from a non empty zset.
 * 'key' and 'val' will be set to hold the element.
 * The memory in `key` is not to be freed or modified by the caller.
 * 'score' can be NULL in which case it's not extracted. */
void zsetTypeRandomElement(robj *zsetobj, unsigned long zsetsize, listpackEntry *key, double *score) {
    if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zsetobj->ptr;
        dictEntry *de = dictGetFairRandomKey(zs->dict);
        zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);
        sds s = zslGetNodeElement(znode);
        key->sval = (unsigned char*)s;
        key->slen = sdslen(s);
        if (score) {
            *score = znode->score;
        }
    } else if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        listpackEntry val;
        lpRandomPair(zsetobj->ptr, zsetsize, key, &val, 2);
        if (score) {
            if (val.sval) {
                *score = zzlStrtod(val.sval,val.slen);
            } else {
                *score = (double)val.lval;
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown zset encoding");
    }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Sorted set commands
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* This generic command implements both ZADD and ZINCRBY. */
void zaddGenericCommand(client *c, int flags) {
    static char *nanerr = "resulting score is not a number (NaN)";
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    sds ele;
    size_t oldsize = 0;
    double score = 0, *scores = NULL;
    int j, elements, ch = 0;
    int scoreidx = 0;
    /* The following vars are used in order to track what the command actually
     * did during the execution, to reply to the client and to trigger the
     * notification of keyspace change. */
    int added = 0;      /* Number of new elements added. */
    int updated = 0;    /* Number of elements with updated score. */
    int processed = 0;  /* Number of elements processed, may remain zero with
                           options like XX. */

    /* Parse options. At the end 'scoreidx' is set to the argument position
     * of the score of the first score-element pair. */
    scoreidx = 2;
    while(scoreidx < c->argc) {
        char *opt = c->argv[scoreidx]->ptr;
        if (!strcasecmp(opt,"nx")) flags |= ZADD_IN_NX;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"xx")) flags |= ZADD_IN_XX;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"ch")) ch = 1; /* Return num of elements added or updated. */
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"incr")) flags |= ZADD_IN_INCR;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"gt")) flags |= ZADD_IN_GT;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"lt")) flags |= ZADD_IN_LT;
        else break;
        scoreidx++;
    }

    /* Turn options into simple to check vars. */
    int incr = (flags & ZADD_IN_INCR) != 0;
    int nx = (flags & ZADD_IN_NX) != 0;
    int xx = (flags & ZADD_IN_XX) != 0;
    int gt = (flags & ZADD_IN_GT) != 0;
    int lt = (flags & ZADD_IN_LT) != 0;

    /* After the options, we expect to have an even number of args, since
     * we expect any number of score-element pairs. */
    elements = c->argc-scoreidx;
    if (elements % 2 || !elements) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }
    elements /= 2; /* Now this holds the number of score-element pairs. */

    /* Check for incompatible options. */
    if (nx && xx) {
        addReplyError(c,
            "XX and NX options at the same time are not compatible");
        return;
    }
    
    if ((gt && nx) || (lt && nx) || (gt && lt)) {
        addReplyError(c,
            "GT, LT, and/or NX options at the same time are not compatible");
        return;
    }
    /* Note that XX is compatible with either GT or LT */

    if (incr && elements > 1) {
        addReplyError(c,
            "INCR option supports a single increment-element pair");
        return;
    }

    /* Start parsing all the scores, we need to emit any syntax error
     * before executing additions to the sorted set, as the command should
     * either execute fully or nothing at all. */
    scores = zmalloc(sizeof(double)*elements);
    for (j = 0; j < elements; j++) {
        if (getDoubleFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[scoreidx+j*2],&scores[j],NULL)
            != C_OK) goto cleanup;
    }

    /* Lookup the key and create the sorted set if does not exist. */
    zobj = lookupKeyWrite(c->db,key);
    if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) goto cleanup;
    if (zobj == NULL) {
        if (xx) goto reply_to_client; /* No key + XX option: nothing to do. */
        robj *o = zsetTypeCreate(elements, sdslen(c->argv[scoreidx + 1]->ptr));
        zobj = dbAdd(c->db,key,&o);
    } else {
        if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
            oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
        zsetTypeMaybeConvert(zobj, elements);
        if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
            updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
    }

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    unsigned long llen = zsetLength(zobj);
    for (j = 0; j < elements; j++) {
        double newscore;
        score = scores[j];
        int retflags = 0;

        ele = c->argv[scoreidx+1+j*2]->ptr;
        int retval = zsetAdd(zobj, score, ele, flags, &retflags, &newscore);
        if (retval == 0) {
            addReplyError(c,nanerr);
            if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
                updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
            goto cleanup;
        }
        if (retflags & ZADD_OUT_ADDED) added++;
        if (retflags & ZADD_OUT_UPDATED) updated++;
        if (!(retflags & ZADD_OUT_NOP)) processed++;
        score = newscore;
    }
    server.dirty += (added+updated);
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
    updateKeysizesHist(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), OBJ_ZSET, llen, llen+added);

reply_to_client:
    if (incr) { /* ZINCRBY or INCR option. */
        if (processed)
            addReplyDouble(c,score);
        else
            addReplyNull(c);
    } else { /* ZADD. */
        addReplyLongLong(c,ch ? added+updated : added);
    }

cleanup:
    zfree(scores);
    if (added || updated) {
        keyModified(c,c->db,key,zobj,1);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,
            incr ? "zincr" : "zadd", key, c->db->id);
    }
}

void zaddCommand(client *c) {
    zaddGenericCommand(c,ZADD_IN_NONE);
}

void zincrbyCommand(client *c) {
    zaddGenericCommand(c,ZADD_IN_INCR);
}

void zremCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    int deleted = 0, keyremoved = 0, j;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    kvobj *zobj = lookupKeyWriteOrReply(c, key, shared.czero); 
    if (zobj == NULL || checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    int64_t oldlen = (int64_t) zsetLength(zobj);
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    for (j = 2; j < c->argc; j++) {
        if (zsetDel(zobj, c->argv[j]->ptr)) deleted++;
        if (zsetLength(zobj) == 0) {
            if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
                updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
            /* Del key but don't update KEYSIZES. Else it will decr wrong bin in histogram */
            dbDeleteSkipKeysizesUpdate(c->db, key);
            keyremoved = 1;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot && !keyremoved)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
    if (deleted) {
        int64_t newlen = oldlen - deleted;
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,"zrem",key,c->db->id);
        if (keyremoved) {
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC, "del", key, c->db->id);
            newlen = -1; /* means key got deleted */
        }

        updateKeysizesHist(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), OBJ_ZSET, oldlen, newlen);
        keyModified(c, c->db, key, keyremoved ? NULL : zobj, 1);
        server.dirty += deleted;
    }
    addReplyLongLong(c,deleted);
}

typedef enum {
    ZRANGE_AUTO = 0,
    ZRANGE_RANK,
    ZRANGE_SCORE,
    ZRANGE_LEX,
} zrange_type;

/* Implements ZREMRANGEBYRANK, ZREMRANGEBYSCORE, ZREMRANGEBYLEX commands. */
void zremrangeGenericCommand(client *c, zrange_type rangetype) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    int keyremoved = 0;
    unsigned long deleted = 0;
    zrangespec range;
    zlexrangespec lexrange;
    long start, end, llen;
    char *notify_type = NULL;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    /* Step 1: Parse the range. */
    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_RANK) {
        notify_type = "zremrangebyrank";
        if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[2],&start,NULL) != C_OK) ||
            (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[3],&end,NULL) != C_OK))
            return;
    } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_SCORE) {
        notify_type = "zremrangebyscore";
        if (zslParseRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&range) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c,"min or max is not a float");
            return;
        }
    } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) {
        notify_type = "zremrangebylex";
        if (zslParseLexRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&lexrange) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c,"min or max not valid string range item");
            return;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("unknown rangetype %d", (int)rangetype);
    }

    /* Step 2: Lookup & range sanity checks if needed. */
    kvobj *zobj = lookupKeyWriteOrReply(c, key, shared.czero);
    if (zobj == NULL || checkType(c, zobj, OBJ_ZSET)) goto cleanup;

    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_RANK) {
        /* Sanitize indexes. */
        llen = zsetLength(zobj);
        if (start < 0) start = llen+start;
        if (end < 0) end = llen+end;
        if (start < 0) start = 0;

        /* Invariant: start >= 0, so this test will be true when end < 0.
         * The range is empty when start > end or start >= length. */
        if (start > end || start >= llen) {
            addReply(c,shared.czero);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        if (end >= llen) end = llen-1;
    }

    /* Step 3: Perform the range deletion operation. */
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        switch(rangetype) {
        case ZRANGE_AUTO:
        case ZRANGE_RANK:
            zobj->ptr = zzlDeleteRangeByRank(zobj->ptr,start+1,end+1,&deleted);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_SCORE:
            zobj->ptr = zzlDeleteRangeByScore(zobj->ptr,&range,&deleted);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_LEX:
            zobj->ptr = zzlDeleteRangeByLex(zobj->ptr,&lexrange,&deleted);
            break;
        }
        if (zzlLength(zobj->ptr) == 0) {
            if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
                updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
            dbDeleteSkipKeysizesUpdate(c->db, key);
            keyremoved = 1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictPauseAutoResize(zs->dict);
        switch(rangetype) {
        case ZRANGE_AUTO:
        case ZRANGE_RANK:
            deleted = zslDeleteRangeByRank(zs->zsl,start+1,end+1,zs->dict);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_SCORE:
            deleted = zslDeleteRangeByScore(zs->zsl,&range,zs->dict);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_LEX:
            deleted = zslDeleteRangeByLex(zs->zsl,&lexrange,zs->dict);
            break;
        }
        dictResumeAutoResize(zs->dict);
        if (dictSize(zs->dict) == 0) {
            if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
                updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
            dbDeleteSkipKeysizesUpdate(c->db, key);
            keyremoved = 1;
        } else {
            dictShrinkIfNeeded(zs->dict);
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    /* Step 4: Notifications and reply. */
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot && !keyremoved)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
    if (deleted) {
        int64_t  oldlen, newlen;
        keyModified(c,c->db,key,NULL,1);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,notify_type,key,c->db->id);
        if (keyremoved) {
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC, "del", key, c->db->id);
            newlen = -1;
            oldlen = deleted;
        } else {
            newlen = zsetLength(zobj);
            oldlen = newlen + deleted;
        }
        updateKeysizesHist(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), OBJ_ZSET, oldlen, newlen);
    }
    server.dirty += deleted;
    addReplyLongLong(c,deleted);

cleanup:
    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) zslFreeLexRange(&lexrange);
}

void zremrangebyrankCommand(client *c) {
    zremrangeGenericCommand(c,ZRANGE_RANK);
}

void zremrangebyscoreCommand(client *c) {
    zremrangeGenericCommand(c,ZRANGE_SCORE);
}

void zremrangebylexCommand(client *c) {
    zremrangeGenericCommand(c,ZRANGE_LEX);
}

/* Unified iterator source for set operations (ZUNION/ZINTER/ZDIFF).
 * Provides polymorphic iteration over sets and sorted sets with different encodings. */
typedef struct {
    robj *subject;
    int type; /* Set, sorted set */
    int encoding;
    double weight;
    size_t oldsize;

    union {
        /* Set iterators. */
        union _iterset {
            struct {
                intset *is;
                int ii;
            } is;
            struct {
                dict *dict;
                dictIterator *di;
                dictEntry *de;
            } ht;
            struct {
                unsigned char *lp;
                unsigned char *p;
            } lp;
        } set;

        /* Sorted set iterators. */
        union _iterzset {
            struct {
                unsigned char *zl;
                unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
            } zl;
            struct {
                zset *zs;
                zskiplistNode *node;
            } sl;
        } zset;
    } iter;
} zsetopsrc;


/* Use dirty flags for pointers that need to be cleaned up in the next
 * iteration over the zsetopval. The dirty flag for the long long value is
 * special, since long long values don't need cleanup. Instead, it means that
 * we already checked that "ell" holds a long long, or tried to convert another
 * representation into a long long value. When this was successful,
 * OPVAL_VALID_LL is set as well. */
#define OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS 1
#define OPVAL_DIRTY_LL 2
#define OPVAL_VALID_LL 4

/* Store value retrieved from the iterator. */
typedef struct {
    int flags;
    unsigned char _buf[32]; /* Private buffer. */
    sds ele;
    unsigned char *estr;
    unsigned int elen;
    long long ell;
    double score;
} zsetopval;

typedef union _iterset iterset;
typedef union _iterzset iterzset;

void zuiInitIterator(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        iterset *it = &op->iter.set;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            it->is.is = op->subject->ptr;
            it->is.ii = 0;
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            it->ht.dict = op->subject->ptr;
            it->ht.di = dictGetIterator(op->subject->ptr);
            it->ht.de = dictNext(it->ht.di);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            it->lp.lp = op->subject->ptr;
            it->lp.p = lpFirst(it->lp.lp);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        /* Sorted sets are traversed in reverse order to optimize for
         * the insertion of the elements in a new list as in
         * ZDIFF/ZINTER/ZUNION */
        iterzset *it = &op->iter.zset;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            it->zl.zl = op->subject->ptr;
            it->zl.eptr = lpSeek(it->zl.zl,-2);
            if (it->zl.eptr != NULL) {
                it->zl.sptr = lpNext(it->zl.zl,it->zl.eptr);
                serverAssert(it->zl.sptr != NULL);
            }
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            it->sl.zs = op->subject->ptr;
            it->sl.node = it->sl.zs->zsl->tail;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

void zuiClearIterator(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        iterset *it = &op->iter.set;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            UNUSED(it); /* skip */
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            dictReleaseIterator(it->ht.di);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            UNUSED(it);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        iterzset *it = &op->iter.zset;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            UNUSED(it); /* skip */
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            UNUSED(it); /* skip */
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

void zuiDiscardDirtyValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->flags & OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS) {
        sdsfree(val->ele);
        val->ele = NULL;
        val->flags &= ~OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS;
    }
}

unsigned long zuiLength(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        return setTypeSize(op->subject);
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            return zzlLength(op->subject->ptr);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = op->subject->ptr;
            return zs->zsl->length;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

unsigned long zuiAllocSize(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        return setTypeAllocSize(op->subject);
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        return zsetAllocSize(op->subject);
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

/* Check if the current value is valid. If so, store it in the passed structure
 * and move to the next element. If not valid, this means we have reached the
 * end of the structure and can abort. */
int zuiNext(zsetopsrc *op, zsetopval *val) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    zuiDiscardDirtyValue(val);

    memset(val,0,sizeof(zsetopval));

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        iterset *it = &op->iter.set;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            int64_t ell;

            if (!intsetGet(it->is.is,it->is.ii,&ell))
                return 0;
            val->ell = ell;
            val->score = 1.0;

            /* Move to next element. */
            it->is.ii++;
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            if (it->ht.de == NULL)
                return 0;
            val->ele = dictGetKey(it->ht.de);
            val->score = 1.0;

            /* Move to next element. */
            it->ht.de = dictNext(it->ht.di);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            if (it->lp.p == NULL)
                return 0;
            val->estr = lpGetValue(it->lp.p, &val->elen, &val->ell);
            val->score = 1.0;

            /* Move to next element. */
            it->lp.p = lpNext(it->lp.lp, it->lp.p);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        iterzset *it = &op->iter.zset;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            /* No need to check both, but better be explicit. */
            if (it->zl.eptr == NULL || it->zl.sptr == NULL)
                return 0;
            val->estr = lpGetValue(it->zl.eptr,&val->elen,&val->ell);
            val->score = zzlGetScore(it->zl.sptr);

            /* Move to next element (going backwards, see zuiInitIterator). */
            zzlPrev(it->zl.zl,&it->zl.eptr,&it->zl.sptr);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            if (it->sl.node == NULL)
                return 0;
            val->ele = zslGetNodeElement(it->sl.node);
            val->score = it->sl.node->score;

            /* Move to next element. (going backwards, see zuiInitIterator) */
            it->sl.node = it->sl.node->backward;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
    return 1;
}

int zuiLongLongFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (!(val->flags & OPVAL_DIRTY_LL)) {
        val->flags |= OPVAL_DIRTY_LL;

        if (val->ele != NULL) {
            if (string2ll(val->ele,sdslen(val->ele),&val->ell))
                val->flags |= OPVAL_VALID_LL;
        } else if (val->estr != NULL) {
            if (string2ll((char*)val->estr,val->elen,&val->ell))
                val->flags |= OPVAL_VALID_LL;
        } else {
            /* The long long was already set, flag as valid. */
            val->flags |= OPVAL_VALID_LL;
        }
    }
    return val->flags & OPVAL_VALID_LL;
}

sds zuiSdsFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->ele == NULL) {
        if (val->estr != NULL) {
            val->ele = sdsnewlen((char*)val->estr,val->elen);
        } else {
            val->ele = sdsfromlonglong(val->ell);
        }
        val->flags |= OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS;
    }
    return val->ele;
}

/* This is different from zuiSdsFromValue since returns a new SDS string
 * which is up to the caller to free. */
sds zuiNewSdsFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->flags & OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS) {
        /* We have already one to return! */
        sds ele = val->ele;
        val->flags &= ~OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS;
        val->ele = NULL;
        return ele;
    } else if (val->ele) {
        return sdsdup(val->ele);
    } else if (val->estr) {
        return sdsnewlen((char*)val->estr,val->elen);
    } else {
        return sdsfromlonglong(val->ell);
    }
}

int zuiBufferFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->estr == NULL) {
        if (val->ele != NULL) {
            val->elen = sdslen(val->ele);
            val->estr = (unsigned char*)val->ele;
        } else {
            val->elen = ll2string((char*)val->_buf,sizeof(val->_buf),val->ell);
            val->estr = val->_buf;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

/* Find value pointed to by val in the source pointer to by op. When found,
 * return 1 and store its score in target. Return 0 otherwise. */
int zuiFind(zsetopsrc *op, zsetopval *val, double *score) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        char *str = val->ele ? val->ele : (char *)val->estr;
        size_t len = val->ele ? sdslen(val->ele) : val->elen;
        if (setTypeIsMemberAux(op->subject, str, len, val->ell, val->ele != NULL)) {
            *score = 1.0;
            return 1;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        zuiSdsFromValue(val);

        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            if (zzlFind(op->subject->ptr,val->ele,score) != NULL) {
                /* Score is already set by zzlFind. */
                return 1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = op->subject->ptr;
            dictEntry *de;
            if ((de = dictFind(zs->dict,val->ele)) != NULL) {
                zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);
                *score = znode->score;
                return 1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

int zuiCompareByCardinality(const void *s1, const void *s2) {
    unsigned long first = zuiLength((zsetopsrc*)s1);
    unsigned long second = zuiLength((zsetopsrc*)s2);
    if (first > second) return 1;
    if (first < second) return -1;
    return 0;
}

static int zuiCompareByRevCardinality(const void *s1, const void *s2) {
    return zuiCompareByCardinality(s1, s2) * -1;
}

#define REDIS_AGGR_SUM 1
#define REDIS_AGGR_MIN 2
#define REDIS_AGGR_MAX 3

inline static void zunionInterAggregate(double *target, double val, int aggregate) {
    if (aggregate == REDIS_AGGR_SUM) {
        *target = *target + val;
        /* The result of adding two doubles is NaN when one variable
         * is +inf and the other is -inf. When these numbers are added,
         * we maintain the convention of the result being 0.0. */
        if (isnan(*target)) *target = 0.0;
    } else if (aggregate == REDIS_AGGR_MIN) {
        *target = val < *target ? val : *target;
    } else if (aggregate == REDIS_AGGR_MAX) {
        *target = val > *target ? val : *target;
    } else {
        /* safety net */
        serverPanic("Unknown ZUNION/INTER aggregate type");
    }
}

static size_t zsetDictGetMaxElementLength(dict *d, size_t *totallen) {
    dictIterator di;
    dictEntry *de;
    size_t maxelelen = 0;

    dictInitIterator(&di, d);

    while((de = dictNext(&di)) != NULL) {
        /* Extract sds from the node (key is zskiplistNode*) */
        zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);
        sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(znode);
        if (sdslen(ele) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(ele);
        if (totallen)
            (*totallen) += sdslen(ele);
    }

    dictResetIterator(&di);

    return maxelelen;
}

static void zdiffAlgorithm1(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum, zset *dstzset, size_t *maxelelen, size_t *totelelen) {
    /* DIFF Algorithm 1:
     *
     * We perform the diff by iterating all the elements of the first set,
     * and only adding it to the target set if the element does not exist
     * into all the other sets.
     *
     * This way we perform at max N*M operations, where N is the size of
     * the first set, and M the number of sets.
     *
     * There is also a O(K*log(K)) cost for adding the resulting elements
     * to the target set, where K is the final size of the target set.
     *
     * The final complexity of this algorithm is O(N*M + K*log(K)). */
    int j;
    zsetopval zval;
    zskiplistNode *znode;
    sds tmp;

    /* With algorithm 1 it is better to order the sets to subtract
     * by decreasing size, so that we are more likely to find
     * duplicated elements ASAP. */
    qsort(src+1,setnum-1,sizeof(zsetopsrc),zuiCompareByRevCardinality);

    memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));
    zuiInitIterator(&src[0]);
    while (zuiNext(&src[0],&zval)) {
        double value;
        int exists = 0;

        for (j = 1; j < setnum; j++) {
            /* It is not safe to access the zset we are
             * iterating, so explicitly check for equal object.
             * This check isn't really needed anymore since we already
             * check for a duplicate set in the zsetChooseDiffAlgorithm
             * function, but we're leaving it for future-proofing. */
            if (src[j].subject == src[0].subject ||
                zuiFind(&src[j],&zval,&value)) {
                exists = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!exists) {
            tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
            znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,zval.score,tmp);
            dictAdd(dstzset->dict, znode, NULL);
            if (sdslen(tmp) > *maxelelen) *maxelelen = sdslen(tmp);
            (*totelelen) += sdslen(tmp);
            sdsfree(tmp); /* zslInsert copied it, we can free our copy */
        }
    }
    zuiClearIterator(&src[0]);
}


static void zdiffAlgorithm2(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum, zset *dstzset, size_t *maxelelen, size_t *totelelen) {
    /* DIFF Algorithm 2:
     *
     * Add all the elements of the first set to the auxiliary set.
     * Then remove all the elements of all the next sets from it.
     *

     * This is O(L + (N-K)log(N)) where L is the sum of all the elements in every
     * set, N is the size of the first set, and K is the size of the result set.
     *
     * Note that from the (L-N) dict searches, (N-K) got to the zsetRemoveFromSkiplist
     * which costs log(N)
     *
     * There is also a O(K) cost at the end for finding the largest element
     * size, but this doesn't change the algorithm complexity since K < L, and
     * O(2L) is the same as O(L). */
    int j;
    int cardinality = 0;
    zsetopval zval;
    zskiplistNode *znode;
    sds tmp;

    for (j = 0; j < setnum; j++) {
        if (zuiLength(&src[j]) == 0) continue;

        memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));
        zuiInitIterator(&src[j]);
        while (zuiNext(&src[j],&zval)) {
            if (j == 0) {
                tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
                znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,zval.score,tmp);
                dictAdd(dstzset->dict, znode, NULL);
                cardinality++;
                sdsfree(tmp); /* zslInsert copied it, we can free our copy */
            } else {
                dictPauseAutoResize(dstzset->dict);
                tmp = zuiSdsFromValue(&zval);
                if (zsetRemoveFromSkiplist(dstzset, tmp)) {
                    cardinality--;
                }
                dictResumeAutoResize(dstzset->dict);
            }

            /* Exit if result set is empty as any additional removal
                * of elements will have no effect. */
            if (cardinality == 0) break;
        }
        zuiClearIterator(&src[j]);

        if (cardinality == 0) break;
    }

    /* Resize dict if needed after removing multiple elements */
    dictShrinkIfNeeded(dstzset->dict);

    /* Using this algorithm, we can't calculate the max element as we go,
     * we have to iterate through all elements to find the max one after. */
    *maxelelen = zsetDictGetMaxElementLength(dstzset->dict, totelelen);
}

static int zsetChooseDiffAlgorithm(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum) {
    int j;

    /* Select what DIFF algorithm to use.
     *
     * Algorithm 1 is O(N*M + K*log(K)) where N is the size of the
     * first set, M the total number of sets, and K is the size of the
     * result set.
     *
     * Algorithm 2 is O(L + (N-K)log(N)) where L is the total number of elements
     * in all the sets, N is the size of the first set, and K is the size of the
     * result set.
     *
     * We compute what is the best bet with the current input here. */
    long long algo_one_work = 0;
    long long algo_two_work = 0;

    for (j = 0; j < setnum; j++) {
        /* If any other set is equal to the first set, there is nothing to be
         * done, since we would remove all elements anyway. */
        if (j > 0 && src[0].subject == src[j].subject) {
            return 0;
        }

        algo_one_work += zuiLength(&src[0]);
        algo_two_work += zuiLength(&src[j]);
    }

    /* Algorithm 1 has better constant times and performs less operations
     * if there are elements in common. Give it some advantage. */
    algo_one_work /= 2;
    return (algo_one_work <= algo_two_work) ? 1 : 2;
}

static void zdiff(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum, zset *dstzset, size_t *maxelelen, size_t *totelelen) {
    /* Skip everything if the smallest input is empty. */
    if (zuiLength(&src[0]) > 0) {
        int diff_algo = zsetChooseDiffAlgorithm(src, setnum);
        if (diff_algo == 1) {
            zdiffAlgorithm1(src, setnum, dstzset, maxelelen, totelelen);
        } else if (diff_algo == 2) {
            zdiffAlgorithm2(src, setnum, dstzset, maxelelen, totelelen);
        } else if (diff_algo != 0) {
            serverPanic("Unknown algorithm");
        }
    }
}

/* The zunionInterDiffGenericCommand() function is called in order to implement the
 * following commands: ZUNION, ZINTER, ZDIFF, ZUNIONSTORE, ZINTERSTORE, ZDIFFSTORE,
 * ZINTERCARD.
 *
 * 'numkeysIndex' parameter position of key number. for ZUNION/ZINTER/ZDIFF command,
 * this value is 1, for ZUNIONSTORE/ZINTERSTORE/ZDIFFSTORE command, this value is 2.
 *
 * 'op' SET_OP_INTER, SET_OP_UNION or SET_OP_DIFF.
 *
 * 'cardinality_only' is currently only applicable when 'op' is SET_OP_INTER.
 * Work for SINTERCARD, only return the cardinality with minimum processing and memory overheads.
 */
void zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(client *c, robj *dstkey, int numkeysIndex, int op,
                                   int cardinality_only) {
    int i, j;
    long setnum;
    int aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_SUM;
    zsetopsrc *src;
    zsetopval zval;
    sds tmp;
    size_t maxelelen = 0, totelelen = 0;
    robj *dstobj = NULL;
    zset *dstzset = NULL;
    zskiplistNode *znode;
    int withscores = 0;
    unsigned long cardinality = 0;
    long limit = 0; /* Stop searching after reaching the limit. 0 means unlimited. */

    /* expect setnum input keys to be given */
    if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[numkeysIndex], &setnum, NULL) != C_OK))
        return;

    if (setnum < 1) {
        addReplyErrorFormat(c,
            "at least 1 input key is needed for '%s' command", c->cmd->fullname);
        return;
    }

    /* test if the expected number of keys would overflow */
    if (setnum > (c->argc-(numkeysIndex+1))) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }

    /* Try to allocate the src table, and abort on insufficient memory. */
    src = ztrycalloc(sizeof(zsetopsrc) * setnum);
    if (src == NULL) {
        addReplyError(c, "Insufficient memory, failed allocating transient memory, too many args.");
        return;
    }

    /* read keys to be used for input */
    for (i = 0, j = numkeysIndex+1; i < setnum; i++, j++) {
        kvobj *obj = lookupKeyRead(c->db, c->argv[j]);
        if (obj != NULL) {
            if (obj->type != OBJ_ZSET && obj->type != OBJ_SET) {
                zfree(src);
                addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.wrongtypeerr);
                return;
            }

            src[i].subject = obj;
            src[i].type = obj->type;
            src[i].encoding = obj->encoding;
            if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
                src[i].oldsize = zuiAllocSize(&src[i]);
        } else {
            src[i].subject = NULL;
        }

        /* Default all weights to 1. */
        src[i].weight = 1.0;
    }

    /* parse optional extra arguments */
    if (j < c->argc) {
        int remaining = c->argc - j;

        while (remaining) {
            if (op != SET_OP_DIFF && !cardinality_only &&
                remaining >= (setnum + 1) &&
                !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"weights"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                for (i = 0; i < setnum; i++, j++, remaining--) {
                    if (getDoubleFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[j],&src[i].weight,
                            "weight value is not a float") != C_OK)
                    {
                        zfree(src);
                        return;
                    }
                }
            } else if (op != SET_OP_DIFF && !cardinality_only &&
                       remaining >= 2 &&
                       !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"aggregate"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"sum")) {
                    aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_SUM;
                } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"min")) {
                    aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_MIN;
                } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"max")) {
                    aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_MAX;
                } else {
                    zfree(src);
                    addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
                    return;
                }
                j++; remaining--;
            } else if (remaining >= 1 &&
                       !dstkey && !cardinality_only &&
                       !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"withscores"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                withscores = 1;
            } else if (cardinality_only && remaining >= 2 &&
                       !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr, "limit"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                if (getPositiveLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[j], &limit,
                                                     "LIMIT can't be negative") != C_OK)
                {
                    zfree(src);
                    return;
                }
                j++; remaining--;
            } else {
                zfree(src);
                addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    if (op != SET_OP_DIFF) {
        /* sort sets from the smallest to largest, this will improve our
        * algorithm's performance */
        qsort(src,setnum,sizeof(zsetopsrc),zuiCompareByCardinality);
    }

    /* We need a temp zset object to store our union/inter/diff. If the dstkey
     * is not NULL (that is, we are inside an ZUNIONSTORE/ZINTERSTORE/ZDIFFSTORE operation) then
     * this zset object will be the resulting object to zset into the target key.
     * In SINTERCARD case, we don't need the temp obj, so we can avoid creating it. */
    if (!cardinality_only) {
        dstobj = createZsetObject();
        dstzset = dstobj->ptr;
    }
    memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));

    if (op == SET_OP_INTER) {
        /* Skip everything if the smallest input is empty. */
        if (zuiLength(&src[0]) > 0) {
            /* Precondition: as src[0] is non-empty and the inputs are ordered
             * by size, all src[i > 0] are non-empty too. */
            zuiInitIterator(&src[0]);
            while (zuiNext(&src[0],&zval)) {
                double score, value;

                score = src[0].weight * zval.score;
                if (isnan(score)) score = 0;

                for (j = 1; j < setnum; j++) {
                    /* It is not safe to access the zset we are
                     * iterating, so explicitly check for equal object. */
                    if (src[j].subject == src[0].subject) {
                        value = zval.score*src[j].weight;
                        zunionInterAggregate(&score,value,aggregate);
                    } else if (zuiFind(&src[j],&zval,&value)) {
                        value *= src[j].weight;
                        zunionInterAggregate(&score,value,aggregate);
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                }

                /* Only continue when present in every input. */
                if (j == setnum && cardinality_only) {
                    cardinality++;

                    /* We stop the searching after reaching the limit. */
                    if (limit && cardinality >= (unsigned long)limit) {
                        /* Cleanup before we break the zuiNext loop. */
                        zuiDiscardDirtyValue(&zval);
                        break;
                    }
                } else if (j == setnum) {
                    tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
                    znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,score,tmp);
                    dictAdd(dstzset->dict, znode, NULL);
                    totelelen += sdslen(tmp);
                    if (sdslen(tmp) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(tmp);
                    sdsfree(tmp); /* zslInsert copied it, we can free our copy */
                }
            }
            zuiClearIterator(&src[0]);
        }
    } else if (op == SET_OP_UNION) {
        dictIterator di;
        dictEntry *de;
        double score;

        if (setnum) {
            /* Our union is at least as large as the largest set.
             * Resize the dictionary ASAP to avoid useless rehashing. */
            dictExpand(dstzset->dict,zuiLength(&src[setnum-1]));
        }

        /* Step 1: Iterate all sorted sets and aggregate scores.
         * For each element, either insert into skiplist (new) or update score (existing). */
        for (i = 0; i < setnum; i++) {
            if (zuiLength(&src[i]) == 0) continue;

            zuiInitIterator(&src[i]);
            while (zuiNext(&src[i],&zval)) {
                /* Initialize value */
                score = src[i].weight * zval.score;
                if (isnan(score)) score = 0;

                /* Search for this element in the dict (which stores node pointers). */
                dictEntryLink bucket, link;
                link = dictFindLink(dstzset->dict, zuiSdsFromValue(&zval), &bucket);
                
                if (link == NULL) {  /* if not exists */
                    /* New element: create node and insert into dict */
                    tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
                    /* Remember the longest single element encountered,
                     * to understand if it's possible to convert to listpack
                     * at the end. */
                     totelelen += sdslen(tmp);
                     if (sdslen(tmp) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(tmp);

                    /* Create node with embedded sds and score */
                    znode = zslCreateNode(dstzset->zsl, zslRandomLevel(), score, tmp);
                    /* Add node pointer to dict using the bucket we already found */
                    dictSetKeyAtLink(dstzset->dict, znode, &bucket, 1);
                    sdsfree(tmp); /* zslCreateNode copied it, we can free our copy */
                } else {
                    /* Existing element: aggregate score */
                    de = *link;
                    znode = dictGetKey(de);
                    double newscore = znode->score;
                    zunionInterAggregate(&newscore, score, aggregate);
                    znode->score = newscore;
                }
            }
            zuiClearIterator(&src[i]);
        }

        /* Step 2: Done filling dict with nodes and updating scores. Now insert skiplist */
        dictInitIterator(&di, dstzset->dict);

        while((de = dictNext(&di)) != NULL) {
            zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);
            zslInsertNode(dstzset->zsl, znode);
        }
        dictResetIterator(&di);
    } else if (op == SET_OP_DIFF) {
        zdiff(src, setnum, dstzset, &maxelelen, &totelelen);
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown operator");
    }
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot) {
        for (i = 0; i < setnum; i++) {
            robj *obj = src[i].subject;
            if (obj == NULL) continue;
            updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(kvobjGetKey(obj)),
                            src[i].oldsize, zuiAllocSize(&src[i]));
        }
    }

    if (dstkey) {
        if (dstzset->zsl->length) {
            zsetConvertToListpackIfNeeded(dstobj, maxelelen, totelelen);
            setKey(c, c->db, dstkey, &dstobj, 0);
            addReplyLongLong(c, zsetLength(dstobj));
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,
                                (op == SET_OP_UNION) ? "zunionstore" :
                                    (op == SET_OP_INTER ? "zinterstore" : "zdiffstore"),
                                dstkey, c->db->id);
            server.dirty++;
        } else {
            addReply(c, shared.czero);
            if (dbDelete(c->db, dstkey)) {
                keyModified(c, c->db, dstkey, NULL, 1);
                notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC, "del", dstkey, c->db->id);
                server.dirty++;
            }
            decrRefCount(dstobj);
        }
    } else if (cardinality_only) {
        addReplyLongLong(c, cardinality);
    } else {
        unsigned long length = dstzset->zsl->length;
        zskiplist *zsl = dstzset->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *zn = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
        /* In case of WITHSCORES, respond with a single array in RESP2, and
         * nested arrays in RESP3. We can't use a map response type since the
         * client library needs to know to respect the order. */
        if (withscores && c->resp == 2)
            addReplyArrayLen(c, length*2);
        else
            addReplyArrayLen(c, length);

        while (zn != NULL) {
            if (withscores && c->resp > 2) addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(zn); addReplyBulkCBuffer(c,ele,sdslen(ele));
            if (withscores) addReplyDouble(c,zn->score);
            zn = zn->level[0].forward;
        }
        server.lazyfree_lazy_server_del ? freeObjAsync(NULL, dstobj, -1) :
                                          decrRefCount(dstobj);
    }
    zfree(src);
}

/* ZUNIONSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX] */
void zunionstoreCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, c->argv[1], 2, SET_OP_UNION, 0);
}

/* ZINTERSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX] */
void zinterstoreCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, c->argv[1], 2, SET_OP_INTER, 0);
}

/* ZDIFFSTORE destination numkeys key [key ...] */
void zdiffstoreCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, c->argv[1], 2, SET_OP_DIFF, 0);
}

/* ZUNION numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX] [WITHSCORES] */
void zunionCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_UNION, 0);
}

/* ZINTER numkeys key [key ...] [WEIGHTS weight] [AGGREGATE SUM|MIN|MAX] [WITHSCORES] */
void zinterCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_INTER, 0);
}

/* ZINTERCARD numkeys key [key ...] [LIMIT limit] */
void zinterCardCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_INTER, 1);
}

/* ZDIFF numkeys key [key ...] [WITHSCORES] */
void zdiffCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_DIFF, 0);
}

typedef enum {
    ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO = 0,
    ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD,
    ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE
} zrange_direction;

typedef enum {
    ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT = 0,
    ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_INTERNAL
} zrange_consumer_type;

typedef struct zrange_result_handler zrange_result_handler;

typedef void (*zrangeResultBeginFunction)(zrange_result_handler *c, long length);
typedef void (*zrangeResultFinalizeFunction)(
    zrange_result_handler *c, size_t result_count);
typedef void (*zrangeResultEmitCBufferFunction)(
    zrange_result_handler *c, const void *p, size_t len, double score);
typedef void (*zrangeResultEmitLongLongFunction)(
    zrange_result_handler *c, long long ll, double score);

void zrangeGenericCommand (zrange_result_handler *handler, int argc_start, int store,
                           zrange_type rangetype, zrange_direction direction);

/* Interface struct for ZRANGE/ZRANGESTORE generic implementation.
 * There is one implementation of this interface that sends a RESP reply to clients.
 * and one implementation that stores the range result into a zset object. */
struct zrange_result_handler {
    zrange_consumer_type                 type;
    client                              *client;
    robj                                *dstkey;
    robj                                *dstobj;
    void                                *userdata;
    int                                  withscores;
    int                                  should_emit_array_length;
    zrangeResultBeginFunction            beginResultEmission;
    zrangeResultFinalizeFunction         finalizeResultEmission;
    zrangeResultEmitCBufferFunction      emitResultFromCBuffer;
    zrangeResultEmitLongLongFunction     emitResultFromLongLong;
};

/* Result handler methods for responding the ZRANGE to clients.
 * length can be used to provide the result length in advance (avoids deferred reply overhead).
 * length can be set to -1 if the result length is not know in advance.
 */
static void zrangeResultBeginClient(zrange_result_handler *handler, long length) {
    if (length > 0) {
        /* In case of WITHSCORES, respond with a single array in RESP2, and
        * nested arrays in RESP3. We can't use a map response type since the
        * client library needs to know to respect the order. */
        if (handler->withscores && (handler->client->resp == 2)) {
            length *= 2;
        }
        addReplyArrayLen(handler->client, length);
        handler->userdata = NULL;
        return;
    }
    handler->userdata = addReplyDeferredLen(handler->client);
}

static void zrangeResultEmitCBufferToClient(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    const void *value, size_t value_length_in_bytes, double score)
{
    if (handler->should_emit_array_length) {
        addReplyArrayLen(handler->client, 2);
    }

    addReplyBulkCBuffer(handler->client, value, value_length_in_bytes);

    if (handler->withscores) {
        addReplyDouble(handler->client, score);
    }
}

static void zrangeResultEmitLongLongToClient(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    long long value, double score)
{
    if (handler->should_emit_array_length) {
        addReplyArrayLen(handler->client, 2);
    }

    addReplyBulkLongLong(handler->client, value);

    if (handler->withscores) {
        addReplyDouble(handler->client, score);
    }
}

static void zrangeResultFinalizeClient(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    size_t result_count)
{
    /* If the reply size was know at start there's nothing left to do */
    if (!handler->userdata)
        return;
    /* In case of WITHSCORES, respond with a single array in RESP2, and
     * nested arrays in RESP3. We can't use a map response type since the
     * client library needs to know to respect the order. */
    if (handler->withscores && (handler->client->resp == 2)) {
        result_count *= 2;
    }

    setDeferredArrayLen(handler->client, handler->userdata, result_count);
}

/* Result handler methods for storing the ZRANGESTORE to a zset. */
static void zrangeResultBeginStore(zrange_result_handler *handler, long length)
{
    handler->dstobj = zsetTypeCreate(length >= 0 ? length : 0, 0);
}

static void zrangeResultEmitCBufferForStore(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    const void *value, size_t value_length_in_bytes, double score)
{
    double newscore;
    int retflags = 0;
    sds ele = sdsnewlen(value, value_length_in_bytes);
    int retval = zsetAdd(handler->dstobj, score, ele, ZADD_IN_NONE, &retflags, &newscore);
    sdsfree(ele);
    serverAssert(retval);
}

static void zrangeResultEmitLongLongForStore(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    long long value, double score)
{
    double newscore;
    int retflags = 0;
    sds ele = sdsfromlonglong(value);
    int retval = zsetAdd(handler->dstobj, score, ele, ZADD_IN_NONE, &retflags, &newscore);
    sdsfree(ele);
    serverAssert(retval);
}

static void zrangeResultFinalizeStore(zrange_result_handler *handler, size_t result_count)
{
    if (result_count) {
        setKey(handler->client, handler->client->db, handler->dstkey, &handler->dstobj, 0);
        addReplyLongLong(handler->client, result_count);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET, "zrangestore", handler->dstkey, handler->client->db->id);
        server.dirty++;
    } else {
        addReply(handler->client, shared.czero);
        if (dbDelete(handler->client->db, handler->dstkey)) {
            keyModified(handler->client, handler->client->db, handler->dstkey, NULL, 1);
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC, "del", handler->dstkey, handler->client->db->id);
            server.dirty++;
        }
        decrRefCount(handler->dstobj);
    }
}

/* Initialize the consumer interface type with the requested type. */
static void zrangeResultHandlerInit(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    client *client, zrange_consumer_type type)
{
    memset(handler, 0, sizeof(*handler));

    handler->client = client;

    switch (type) {
    case ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT:
        handler->beginResultEmission = zrangeResultBeginClient;
        handler->finalizeResultEmission = zrangeResultFinalizeClient;
        handler->emitResultFromCBuffer = zrangeResultEmitCBufferToClient;
        handler->emitResultFromLongLong = zrangeResultEmitLongLongToClient;
        break;

    case ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_INTERNAL:
        handler->beginResultEmission = zrangeResultBeginStore;
        handler->finalizeResultEmission = zrangeResultFinalizeStore;
        handler->emitResultFromCBuffer = zrangeResultEmitCBufferForStore;
        handler->emitResultFromLongLong = zrangeResultEmitLongLongForStore;
        break;
    }
}

static void zrangeResultHandlerScoreEmissionEnable(zrange_result_handler *handler) {
    handler->withscores = 1;
    handler->should_emit_array_length = (handler->client->resp > 2);
}

static void zrangeResultHandlerDestinationKeySet (zrange_result_handler *handler,
    robj *dstkey)
{
    handler->dstkey = dstkey;
}

/* This command implements ZRANGE, ZREVRANGE. */
void genericZrangebyrankCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    robj *zobj, long start, long end, int withscores, int reverse) {

    client *c = handler->client;
    long llen;
    long rangelen;
    size_t result_cardinality;

    /* Sanitize indexes. */
    llen = zsetLength(zobj);
    if (start < 0) start = llen+start;
    if (end < 0) end = llen+end;
    if (start < 0) start = 0;


    /* Invariant: start >= 0, so this test will be true when end < 0.
     * The range is empty when start > end or start >= length. */
    if (start > end || start >= llen) {
        handler->beginResultEmission(handler, 0);
        handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, 0);
        return;
    }
    if (end >= llen) end = llen-1;
    rangelen = (end-start)+1;
    result_cardinality = rangelen;

    handler->beginResultEmission(handler, rangelen);
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;
        double score = 0.0;

        if (reverse)
            eptr = lpSeek(zl,-2-(2*start));
        else
            eptr = lpSeek(zl,2*start);

        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,eptr != NULL);
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);

        while (rangelen--) {
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,eptr != NULL && sptr != NULL);
            vstr = lpGetValue(eptr,&vlen,&vlong);

            if (withscores) /* don't bother to extract the score if it's gonna be ignored. */
                score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            if (vstr == NULL) {
                handler->emitResultFromLongLong(handler, vlong, score);
            } else {
                handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, vstr, vlen, score);
            }

            if (reverse)
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            else
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
        }

    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;

        /* Check if starting point is trivial, before doing log(N) lookup. */
        if (reverse) {
            ln = zsl->tail;
            if (start > 0)
                ln = zslGetElementByRank(zsl,llen-start);
        } else {
            ln = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
            if (start > 0)
                ln = zslGetElementByRank(zsl,start+1);
        }

        while(rangelen--) {
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,ln != NULL);
            sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(ln);
            handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, ele, sdslen(ele), ln->score);
            ln = reverse ? ln->backward : ln->level[0].forward;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, result_cardinality);
}

/* ZRANGESTORE <dst> <src> <min> <max> [BYSCORE | BYLEX] [REV] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangestoreCommand (client *c) {
    robj *dstkey = c->argv[1];
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_INTERNAL);
    zrangeResultHandlerDestinationKeySet(&handler, dstkey);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 2, 1, ZRANGE_AUTO, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO);
}

/* ZRANGE <key> <min> <max> [BYSCORE | BYLEX] [REV] [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangeCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_AUTO, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO);
}

/* ZREVRANGE <key> <start> <stop> [WITHSCORES] */
void zrevrangeCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_RANK, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
}

/* This command implements ZRANGEBYSCORE, ZREVRANGEBYSCORE. */
void genericZrangebyscoreCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    zrangespec *range, robj *zobj, long offset, long limit, 
    int reverse) {
    unsigned long rangelen = 0;

    handler->beginResultEmission(handler, -1);

    /* For invalid offset, return directly. */
    if (offset < 0 || (offset > 0 && offset >= (long)zsetLength(zobj))) {
        handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, 0);
        return;
    }

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            eptr = zzlLastInRange(zl,range);
        } else {
            eptr = zzlFirstInRange(zl,range);
        }

        /* Get score pointer for the first element. */
        if (eptr)
            sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);

        /* If there is an offset, just traverse the number of elements without
         * checking the score because that is done in the next loop. */
        while (eptr && offset--) {
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }

        while (eptr && limit--) {
            double score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zslValueGteMin(score,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zslValueLteMax(score,range)) break;
            }

            vstr = lpGetValue(eptr,&vlen,&vlong);
            rangelen++;
            if (vstr == NULL) {
                handler->emitResultFromLongLong(handler, vlong, score);
            } else {
                handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, vstr, vlen, score);
            }

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            ln = zslNthInRange(zsl, range, -offset-1, NULL);
        } else {
            ln = zslNthInRange(zsl, range, offset, NULL);
        }

        while (ln && limit--) {
            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zslValueGteMin(ln->score,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zslValueLteMax(ln->score,range)) break;
            }

            rangelen++;
            sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(ln);
			handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, ele, sdslen(ele), ln->score);

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                ln = ln->backward;
            } else {
                ln = ln->level[0].forward;
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, rangelen);
}

/* ZRANGEBYSCORE <key> <min> <max> [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangebyscoreCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_SCORE, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD);
}

/* ZREVRANGEBYSCORE <key> <max> <min> [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrevrangebyscoreCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_SCORE, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
}

void zcountCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    kvobj *zobj;
    zrangespec range;
    unsigned long count = 0;

    /* Parse the range arguments */
    if (zslParseRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&range) != C_OK) {
        addReplyError(c,"min or max is not a float");
        return;
    }

    /* Lookup the sorted set */
    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, key, shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c, zobj, OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        double score;

        /* Use the first element in range as the starting point */
        eptr = zzlFirstInRange(zl,&range);

        /* No "first" element */
        if (eptr == NULL) {
            addReply(c, shared.czero);
            return;
        }

        /* First element is in range */
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zslValueLteMax(score,&range));

        /* Iterate over elements in range */
        while (eptr) {
            score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (!zslValueLteMax(score,&range)) {
                break;
            } else {
                count++;
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *zn;
        unsigned long rank;

        /* Find first element in range and get its rank */
        zn = zslNthInRange(zsl, &range, 0, &rank);

        /* Use rank of first element, if any, to determine preliminary count */
        if (zn != NULL) {
            count = (zsl->length - (rank - 1));

            /* Find last element in range and get its rank */
            zn = zslNthInRange(zsl, &range, -1, &rank);

            /* Use rank of last element, if any, to determine the actual count */
            if (zn != NULL) {
                count -= (zsl->length - rank);
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    addReplyLongLong(c, count);
}

void zlexcountCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    kvobj *zobj;
    zlexrangespec range;
    unsigned long count = 0;

    /* Parse the range arguments */
    if (zslParseLexRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&range) != C_OK) {
        addReplyError(c,"min or max not valid string range item");
        return;
    }

    /* Lookup the sorted set */
    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, key, shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c, zobj, OBJ_ZSET))
    {
        zslFreeLexRange(&range);
        return;
    }

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;

        /* Use the first element in range as the starting point */
        eptr = zzlFirstInLexRange(zl,&range);

        /* No "first" element */
        if (eptr == NULL) {
            zslFreeLexRange(&range);
            addReply(c, shared.czero);
            return;
        }

        /* First element is in range */
        sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,&range));

        /* Iterate over elements in range */
        while (eptr) {
            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (!zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,&range)) {
                break;
            } else {
                count++;
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *zn;
        unsigned long rank;

        /* Find first element in range and get its rank */
        zn = zslNthInLexRange(zsl, &range, 0, &rank);

        /* Use rank of first element, if any, to determine preliminary count */
        if (zn != NULL) {
            count = (zsl->length - (rank - 1));

            /* Find last element in range and get its rank */
            zn = zslNthInLexRange(zsl, &range, -1, &rank);

            /* Use rank of last element, if any, to determine the actual count */
            if (zn != NULL) {
                count -= (zsl->length - rank);
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    zslFreeLexRange(&range);
    addReplyLongLong(c, count);
}

/* This command implements ZRANGEBYLEX, ZREVRANGEBYLEX. */
void genericZrangebylexCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    zlexrangespec *range, robj *zobj, int withscores, long offset, long limit,
    int reverse)
{
    unsigned long rangelen = 0;

    handler->beginResultEmission(handler, -1);

    /* For invalid offset, return directly. */
    if (offset < 0 || (offset > 0 && offset >= (long)zsetLength(zobj))) {
        handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, 0);
        return;
    }

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            eptr = zzlLastInLexRange(zl,range);
        } else {
            eptr = zzlFirstInLexRange(zl,range);
        }

        /* Get score pointer for the first element. */
        if (eptr)
            sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);

        /* If there is an offset, just traverse the number of elements without
         * checking the score because that is done in the next loop. */
        while (eptr && offset--) {
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }

        while (eptr && limit--) {
            double score = 0;
            if (withscores) /* don't bother to extract the score if it's gonna be ignored. */
                score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zzlLexValueGteMin(eptr,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range)) break;
            }

            vstr = lpGetValue(eptr,&vlen,&vlong);
            rangelen++;
            if (vstr == NULL) {
                handler->emitResultFromLongLong(handler, vlong, score);
            } else {
                handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, vstr, vlen, score);
            }

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            ln = zslNthInLexRange(zsl,range,-offset-1,NULL);
        } else {
            ln = zslNthInLexRange(zsl,range,offset,NULL);
        }

        while (ln && limit--) {
            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zslLexValueGteMin(zslGetNodeElement(ln),range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zslLexValueLteMax(zslGetNodeElement(ln),range)) break;
            }

            rangelen++;
            sds ele = zslGetNodeElement(ln);
			handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, ele, sdslen(ele), ln->score);

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                ln = ln->backward;
            } else {
                ln = ln->level[0].forward;
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, rangelen);
}

/* ZRANGEBYLEX <key> <min> <max> [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangebylexCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_LEX, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD);
}

/* ZREVRANGEBYLEX <key> <max> <min> [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrevrangebylexCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_LEX, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
}

/**
 * This function handles ZRANGE and ZRANGESTORE, and also the deprecated
 * Z[REV]RANGE[BYSCORE|BYLEX] commands.
 *
 * The simple ZRANGE and ZRANGESTORE can take _AUTO in rangetype and direction,
 * other command pass explicit value.
 *
 * The argc_start points to the src key argument, so following syntax is like:
 * <src> <min> <max> [BYSCORE | BYLEX] [REV] [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
 */
void zrangeGenericCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler, int argc_start, int store,
                          zrange_type rangetype, zrange_direction direction)
{
    client *c = handler->client;
    robj *key = c->argv[argc_start];
    zrangespec range;
    zlexrangespec lexrange;
    int minidx = argc_start + 1;
    int maxidx = argc_start + 2;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    /* Options common to all */
    long opt_start = 0;
    long opt_end = 0;
    int opt_withscores = 0;
    long opt_offset = 0;
    long opt_limit = -1;

    /* Step 1: Skip the <src> <min> <max> args and parse remaining optional arguments. */
    for (int j=argc_start + 3; j < c->argc; j++) {
        int leftargs = c->argc-j-1;
        if (!store && !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"withscores")) {
            opt_withscores = 1;
        } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"limit") && leftargs >= 2) {
            if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[j+1], &opt_offset, NULL) != C_OK) ||
                (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[j+2], &opt_limit, NULL) != C_OK))
            {
                return;
            }
            j += 2;
        } else if (direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO &&
                   !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"rev"))
        {
            direction = ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE;
        } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_AUTO &&
                   !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"bylex"))
        {
            rangetype = ZRANGE_LEX;
        } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_AUTO &&
                   !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"byscore"))
        {
            rangetype = ZRANGE_SCORE;
        } else {
            addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
            return;
        }
    }

    /* Use defaults if not overridden by arguments. */
    if (direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO)
        direction = ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD;
    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_AUTO)
        rangetype = ZRANGE_RANK;

    /* Check for conflicting arguments. */
    if (opt_limit != -1 && rangetype == ZRANGE_RANK) {
        addReplyError(c,"syntax error, LIMIT is only supported in combination with either BYSCORE or BYLEX");
        return;
    }
    if (opt_withscores && rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) {
        addReplyError(c,"syntax error, WITHSCORES not supported in combination with BYLEX");
        return;
    }

    if (direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE &&
        ((ZRANGE_SCORE == rangetype) || (ZRANGE_LEX == rangetype)))
    {
        /* Range is given as [max,min] */
        int tmp = maxidx;
        maxidx = minidx;
        minidx = tmp;
    }

    /* Step 2: Parse the range. */
    switch (rangetype) {
    case ZRANGE_AUTO:
    case ZRANGE_RANK:
        /* Z[REV]RANGE, ZRANGESTORE [REV]RANGE */
        if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[minidx], &opt_start,NULL) != C_OK) ||
            (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[maxidx], &opt_end,NULL) != C_OK))
        {
            return;
        }
        break;

    case ZRANGE_SCORE:
        /* Z[REV]RANGEBYSCORE, ZRANGESTORE [REV]RANGEBYSCORE */
        if (zslParseRange(c->argv[minidx], c->argv[maxidx], &range) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c, "min or max is not a float");
            return;
        }
        break;

    case ZRANGE_LEX:
        /* Z[REV]RANGEBYLEX, ZRANGESTORE [REV]RANGEBYLEX */
        if (zslParseLexRange(c->argv[minidx], c->argv[maxidx], &lexrange) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c, "min or max not valid string range item");
            return;
        }
        break;
    }

    if (opt_withscores || store) {
        zrangeResultHandlerScoreEmissionEnable(handler);
    }

    /* Step 3: Lookup the key and get the range. */
    kvobj *zobj = lookupKeyRead(c->db, key);
    if (zobj == NULL) {
        if (store) {
            handler->beginResultEmission(handler, -1);
            handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, 0);
        } else {
            addReply(c, shared.emptyarray);
        }
        goto cleanup;
    }

    if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) goto cleanup;

    /* Step 4: Pass this to the command-specific handler. */
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    switch (rangetype) {
    case ZRANGE_AUTO:
    case ZRANGE_RANK:
        genericZrangebyrankCommand(handler, zobj, opt_start, opt_end,
            opt_withscores || store, direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
        break;

    case ZRANGE_SCORE:
        genericZrangebyscoreCommand(handler, &range, zobj, opt_offset,
            opt_limit, direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
        break;

    case ZRANGE_LEX:
        genericZrangebylexCommand(handler, &lexrange, zobj, opt_withscores || store,
            opt_offset, opt_limit, direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
        break;
    }
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));

    /* Instead of returning here, we'll just fall-through the clean-up. */

cleanup:

    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) {
        zslFreeLexRange(&lexrange);
    }
}

void zcardCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    kvobj *zobj;

    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,key,shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    addReplyLongLong(c,zsetLength(zobj));
}

void zscoreCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    kvobj *zobj;
    double score;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,key,shared.null[c->resp])) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    if (zsetScore(zobj,c->argv[2]->ptr,&score) == C_ERR) {
        addReplyNull(c);
    } else {
        addReplyDouble(c,score);
    }
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
}

void zmscoreCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    double score;
    size_t oldsize = 0;
    kvobj *zobj = lookupKeyRead(c->db, key);
    if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot && zobj != NULL)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    addReplyArrayLen(c,c->argc - 2);
    for (int j = 2; j < c->argc; j++) {
        /* Treat a missing set the same way as an empty set */
        if (zobj == NULL || zsetScore(zobj,c->argv[j]->ptr,&score) == C_ERR) {
            addReplyNull(c);
        } else {
            addReplyDouble(c,score);
        }
    }
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot && zobj != NULL)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
}

void zrankGenericCommand(client *c, int reverse) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *ele = c->argv[2];
    kvobj *zobj;
    robj* reply;
    long rank;
    int opt_withscore = 0;
    double score;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    if (c->argc > 4) {
        addReplyErrorArity(c);
        return;
    }
    if (c->argc > 3) {
        if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[3]->ptr, "withscore")) {
            opt_withscore = 1;
        } else {
            addReplyErrorObject(c, shared.syntaxerr);
            return;
        }
    }
    reply = opt_withscore ? shared.nullarray[c->resp] : shared.null[c->resp];
    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, key, reply)) == NULL || checkType(c, zobj, OBJ_ZSET)) {
        return;
    }
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    serverAssertWithInfo(c, ele, sdsEncodedObject(ele));
    rank = zsetRank(zobj, ele->ptr, reverse, opt_withscore ? &score : NULL);
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
    if (rank >= 0) {
        if (opt_withscore) {
            addReplyArrayLen(c, 2);
        }
        addReplyLongLong(c, rank);
        if (opt_withscore) {
            addReplyDouble(c, score);
        }
    } else {
        if (opt_withscore) {
            addReplyNullArray(c);
        } else {
            addReplyNull(c);
        }
    }
}

void zrankCommand(client *c) {
    zrankGenericCommand(c, 0);
}

void zrevrankCommand(client *c) {
    zrankGenericCommand(c, 1);
}

void zscanCommand(client *c) {
    kvobj *o;
    unsigned long long cursor;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    if (parseScanCursorOrReply(c,c->argv[2],&cursor) == C_ERR) return;
    if ((o = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,c->argv[1],shared.emptyscan)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,o,OBJ_ZSET)) return;
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(o);
    scanGenericCommand(c,o,cursor);
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(c->argv[1]->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(o));
}

/* This command implements the generic zpop operation, used by:
 * ZPOPMIN, ZPOPMAX, BZPOPMIN, BZPOPMAX and ZMPOP. This function is also used
 * inside blocked.c in the unblocking stage of BZPOPMIN, BZPOPMAX and BZMPOP.
 *
 * If 'emitkey' is true also the key name is emitted, useful for the blocking
 * behavior of BZPOP[MIN|MAX], since we can block into multiple keys.
 * Or in ZMPOP/BZMPOP, because we also can take multiple keys.
 *
 * 'count' is the number of elements requested to pop, or -1 for plain single pop.
 *
 * 'use_nested_array' when false it generates a flat array (with or without key name).
 * When true, it generates a nested 2 level array of field + score pairs, or 3 level when emitkey is set.
 *
 * 'reply_nil_when_empty' when true we reply a NIL if we are not able to pop up any elements.
 * Like in ZMPOP/BZMPOP we reply with a structured nested array containing key name
 * and member + score pairs. In these commands, we reply with null when we have no result.
 * Otherwise in ZPOPMIN/ZPOPMAX we reply an empty array by default.
 *
 * 'deleted' is an optional output argument to get an indication
 * if the key got deleted by this function.
 * */
void genericZpopCommand(client *c, robj **keyv, int keyc, int where, int emitkey,
                        long count, int use_nested_array, int reply_nil_when_empty, int *deleted) {
    int idx;
    robj *key = NULL;
    robj *zobj = NULL;
    sds ele;
    double score;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    if (deleted) *deleted = 0;

    /* Check type and break on the first error, otherwise identify candidate. */
    idx = 0;
    while (idx < keyc) {
        key = keyv[idx++];
        zobj = lookupKeyWrite(c->db,key);
        if (!zobj) continue;
        if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;
        break;
    }

    /* No candidate for zpopping, return empty. */
    if (!zobj) {
        if (reply_nil_when_empty) {
            addReplyNullArray(c);
        } else {
            addReply(c,shared.emptyarray);
        }
        return;
    }

    if (count == 0) {
        /* ZPOPMIN/ZPOPMAX with count 0. */
        addReply(c, shared.emptyarray);
        return;
    }

    long result_count = 0;

    /* When count is -1, we need to correct it to 1 for plain single pop. */
    if (count == -1) count = 1;

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zobj);
    long llen = zsetLength(zobj);
    long rangelen = (count > llen) ? llen : count;

    if (!use_nested_array && !emitkey) {
        /* ZPOPMIN/ZPOPMAX with or without COUNT option in RESP2. */
        addReplyArrayLen(c, rangelen * 2);
    } else if (use_nested_array && !emitkey) {
        /* ZPOPMIN/ZPOPMAX with COUNT option in RESP3. */
        addReplyArrayLen(c, rangelen);
    } else if (!use_nested_array && emitkey) {
        /* BZPOPMIN/BZPOPMAX in RESP2 and RESP3. */
        addReplyArrayLen(c, rangelen * 2 + 1);
        addReplyBulk(c, key);
    } else if (use_nested_array && emitkey) {
        /* ZMPOP/BZMPOP in RESP2 and RESP3. */
        addReplyArrayLen(c, 2);
        addReplyBulk(c, key);
        addReplyArrayLen(c, rangelen);
    }

    /* Remove the element. */
    do {
        if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
            unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
            unsigned char *vstr;
            unsigned int vlen;
            long long vlong;

            /* Get the first or last element in the sorted set. */
            eptr = lpSeek(zl,where == ZSET_MAX ? -2 : 0);
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,eptr != NULL);
            vstr = lpGetValue(eptr,&vlen,&vlong);
            if (vstr == NULL)
                ele = sdsfromlonglong(vlong);
            else
                ele = sdsnewlen(vstr,vlen);

            /* Get the score. */
            sptr = lpNext(zl,eptr);
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,sptr != NULL);
            score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
            zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
            zskiplistNode *zln;

            /* Get the first or last element in the sorted set. */
            zln = (where == ZSET_MAX ? zsl->tail :
                                       zsl->header->level[0].forward);

            /* There must be an element in the sorted set. */
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zln != NULL);
            ele = sdsdup(zslGetNodeElement(zln));
            score = zln->score;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }

        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zsetDel(zobj,ele));
        server.dirty++;

        if (result_count == 0) { /* Do this only for the first iteration. */
            char *events[2] = {"zpopmin","zpopmax"};
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,events[where],key,c->db->id);
        }

        if (use_nested_array) {
            addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
        }
        addReplyBulkCBuffer(c,ele,sdslen(ele));
        addReplyDouble(c,score);
        sdsfree(ele);
        ++result_count;
    } while(--rangelen);

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zobj));
    
    int64_t oldlen = llen, newlen = llen - result_count;

    /* Remove the key, if indeed needed. */
    if (zsetLength(zobj) == 0) {
        if (deleted) *deleted = 1;

        dbDeleteSkipKeysizesUpdate(c->db, key);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC,"del",key,c->db->id);

        newlen = -1; 
    }
    updateKeysizesHist(c->db, getKeySlot(key->ptr), OBJ_ZSET, oldlen, newlen);
    keyModified(c, c->db, key, (newlen > 0) ? zobj : NULL, 1);

    if (c->cmd->proc == zmpopCommand) {
        /* Always replicate it as ZPOP[MIN|MAX] with COUNT option instead of ZMPOP. */
        robj *count_obj = createStringObjectFromLongLong((count > llen) ? llen : count);
        rewriteClientCommandVector(c, 3,
                                   (where == ZSET_MAX) ? shared.zpopmax : shared.zpopmin,
                                   key, count_obj);
        decrRefCount(count_obj);
    }
}

/* ZPOPMIN/ZPOPMAX key [<count>] */
void zpopMinMaxCommand(client *c, int where) {
    if (c->argc > 3) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }

    long count = -1; /* -1 for plain single pop. */
    if (c->argc == 3 && getPositiveLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[2], &count, NULL) != C_OK)
        return;

    /* Respond with a single (flat) array in RESP2 or if count is -1
     * (returning a single element). In RESP3, when count > 0 use nested array. */
    int use_nested_array = (c->resp > 2 && count != -1);

    genericZpopCommand(c, &c->argv[1], 1, where, 0, count, use_nested_array, 0, NULL);
}

/* ZPOPMIN key [<count>] */
void zpopminCommand(client *c) {
    zpopMinMaxCommand(c, ZSET_MIN);
}

/* ZPOPMAX key [<count>] */
void zpopmaxCommand(client *c) {
    zpopMinMaxCommand(c, ZSET_MAX);
}

/* BZPOPMIN, BZPOPMAX, BZMPOP actual implementation.
 *
 * 'numkeys' is the number of keys.
 *
 * 'timeout_idx' parameter position of block timeout.
 *
 * 'where' ZSET_MIN or ZSET_MAX.
 *
 * 'count' is the number of elements requested to pop, or -1 for plain single pop.
 *
 * 'use_nested_array' when false it generates a flat array (with or without key name).
 * When true, it generates a nested 3 level array of keyname, field + score pairs.
 * */
void blockingGenericZpopCommand(client *c, robj **keys, int numkeys, int where,
                                int timeout_idx, long count, int use_nested_array, int reply_nil_when_empty) {
    robj *o;
    robj *key;
    mstime_t timeout;
    int j;

    if (getTimeoutFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[timeout_idx],&timeout,UNIT_SECONDS)
        != C_OK) return;

    for (j = 0; j < numkeys; j++) {
        key = keys[j];
        o = lookupKeyWrite(c->db,key);
        /* Non-existing key, move to next key. */
        if (o == NULL) continue;

        if (checkType(c,o,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

        long llen = zsetLength(o);
        /* Empty zset, move to next key. */
        if (llen == 0) continue;

        /* Non empty zset, this is like a normal ZPOP[MIN|MAX]. */
        genericZpopCommand(c, &key, 1, where, 1, count, use_nested_array, reply_nil_when_empty, NULL);

        if (count == -1) {
            /* Replicate it as ZPOP[MIN|MAX] instead of BZPOP[MIN|MAX]. */
            rewriteClientCommandVector(c,2,
                                       (where == ZSET_MAX) ? shared.zpopmax : shared.zpopmin,
                                       key);
        } else {
            /* Replicate it as ZPOP[MIN|MAX] with COUNT option. */
            robj *count_obj = createStringObjectFromLongLong((count > llen) ? llen : count);
            rewriteClientCommandVector(c, 3,
                                       (where == ZSET_MAX) ? shared.zpopmax : shared.zpopmin,
                                       key, count_obj);
            decrRefCount(count_obj);
        }

        return;
    }

    /* If we are not allowed to block the client and the zset is empty the only thing
     * we can do is treating it as a timeout (even with timeout 0). */
    if (c->flags & CLIENT_DENY_BLOCKING) {
        addReplyNullArray(c);
        return;
    }

    /* If the keys do not exist we must block */
    blockForKeys(c,BLOCKED_ZSET,keys,numkeys,timeout,0);
}

// BZPOPMIN key [key ...] timeout
void bzpopminCommand(client *c) {
    blockingGenericZpopCommand(c, c->argv+1, c->argc-2, ZSET_MIN, c->argc-1, -1, 0, 0);
}

// BZPOPMAX key [key ...] timeout
void bzpopmaxCommand(client *c) {
    blockingGenericZpopCommand(c, c->argv+1, c->argc-2, ZSET_MAX, c->argc-1, -1, 0, 0);
}

static void zrandmemberReplyWithListpack(client *c, unsigned int count, listpackEntry *keys, listpackEntry *vals) {
    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        if (vals && c->resp > 2)
            addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
        if (keys[i].sval)
            addReplyBulkCBuffer(c, keys[i].sval, keys[i].slen);
        else
            addReplyBulkLongLong(c, keys[i].lval);
        if (vals) {
            if (vals[i].sval) {
                addReplyDouble(c, zzlStrtod(vals[i].sval,vals[i].slen));
            } else
                addReplyDouble(c, vals[i].lval);
        }
    }
}

/* How many times bigger should be the zset compared to the requested size
 * for us to not use the "remove elements" strategy? Read later in the
 * implementation for more info. */
#define ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL 3

/* If client is trying to ask for a very large number of random elements,
 * queuing may consume an unlimited amount of memory, so we want to limit
 * the number of randoms per time. */
#define ZRANDMEMBER_RANDOM_SAMPLE_LIMIT 1000

void zrandmemberWithCountCommand(client *c, long l, int withscores) {
    unsigned long count, size;
    int uniq = 1;
    kvobj *zsetobj;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    if ((zsetobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, c->argv[1], shared.emptyarray))
        == NULL || checkType(c, zsetobj, OBJ_ZSET)) return;
    size = zsetLength(zsetobj);

    if(l >= 0) {
        count = (unsigned long) l;
    } else {
        count = -l;
        uniq = 0;
    }

    /* If count is zero, serve it ASAP to avoid special cases later. */
    if (count == 0) {
        addReply(c,shared.emptyarray);
        return;
    }

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zsetobj);

    /* CASE 1: The count was negative, so the extraction method is just:
     * "return N random elements" sampling the whole set every time.
     * This case is trivial and can be served without auxiliary data
     * structures. This case is the only one that also needs to return the
     * elements in random order. */
    if (!uniq || count == 1) {
        if (withscores && c->resp == 2)
            addReplyArrayLen(c, count*2);
        else
            addReplyArrayLen(c, count);
        if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = zsetobj->ptr;
            while (count--) {
                dictEntry *de = dictGetFairRandomKey(zs->dict);
                zskiplistNode *znode = dictGetKey(de);
                sds key = zslGetNodeElement(znode);
                if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                    addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
                addReplyBulkCBuffer(c, key, sdslen(key));
                if (withscores) {
                    addReplyDouble(c, znode->score);
                }
                if (c->flags & CLIENT_CLOSE_ASAP)
                    break;
            }
        } else if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
            listpackEntry *keys, *vals = NULL;
            unsigned long limit, sample_count;
            limit = count > ZRANDMEMBER_RANDOM_SAMPLE_LIMIT ? ZRANDMEMBER_RANDOM_SAMPLE_LIMIT : count;
            keys = zmalloc(sizeof(listpackEntry)*limit);
            if (withscores)
                vals = zmalloc(sizeof(listpackEntry)*limit);
            while (count) {
                sample_count = count > limit ? limit : count;
                count -= sample_count;
                lpRandomPairs(zsetobj->ptr, sample_count, keys, vals, 2);
                zrandmemberReplyWithListpack(c, sample_count, keys, vals);
                if (c->flags & CLIENT_CLOSE_ASAP)
                    break;
            }
            zfree(keys);
            zfree(vals);
        }
        goto out;
    }

    zsetopsrc src;
    zsetopval zval;
    src.subject = zsetobj;
    src.type = zsetobj->type;
    src.encoding = zsetobj->encoding;
    zuiInitIterator(&src);
    memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));

    /* Initiate reply count, RESP3 responds with nested array, RESP2 with flat one. */
    long reply_size = count < size ? count : size;
    if (withscores && c->resp == 2)
        addReplyArrayLen(c, reply_size*2);
    else
        addReplyArrayLen(c, reply_size);

    /* CASE 2:
    * The number of requested elements is greater than the number of
    * elements inside the zset: simply return the whole zset. */
    if (count >= size) {
        while (zuiNext(&src, &zval)) {
            if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            addReplyBulkSds(c, zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval));
            if (withscores)
                addReplyDouble(c, zval.score);
        }
        zuiClearIterator(&src);
        goto out;
    }

    /* CASE 2.5 listpack only. Sampling unique elements, in non-random order.
     * Listpack encoded zsets are meant to be relatively small, so
     * ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL isn't necessary and we rather not make
     * copies of the entries. Instead, we emit them directly to the output
     * buffer.
     *
     * And it is inefficient to repeatedly pick one random element from a
     * listpack in CASE 4. So we use this instead. */
    if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_LISTPACK) {
        listpackEntry *keys, *vals = NULL;
        keys = zmalloc(sizeof(listpackEntry)*count);
        if (withscores)
            vals = zmalloc(sizeof(listpackEntry)*count);
        serverAssert(lpRandomPairsUnique(zsetobj->ptr, count, keys, vals, 2) == count);
        zrandmemberReplyWithListpack(c, count, keys, vals);
        zfree(keys);
        zfree(vals);
        zuiClearIterator(&src);
        goto out;
    }

    /* CASE 3:
     * The number of elements inside the zset is not greater than
     * ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL times the number of requested elements.
     * In this case we create a dict from scratch with all the elements, and
     * subtract random elements to reach the requested number of elements.
     *
     * This is done because if the number of requested elements is just
     * a bit less than the number of elements in the set, the natural approach
     * used into CASE 4 is highly inefficient. */
    if (count*ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL > size) {
        /* Hashtable encoding (generic implementation) */
        dict *d = dictCreate(&sdsReplyDictType);
        dictExpand(d, size);
        /* Add all the elements into the temporary dictionary. */
        while (zuiNext(&src, &zval)) {
            sds key = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
            dictEntry *de = dictAddRaw(d, key, NULL);
            serverAssert(de);
            if (withscores)
                dictSetDoubleVal(de, zval.score);
        }
        serverAssert(dictSize(d) == size);

        /* Remove random elements to reach the right count. */
        while (size > count) {
            dictEntry *de;
            de = dictGetFairRandomKey(d);
            dictUnlink(d,dictGetKey(de));
            sdsfree(dictGetKey(de));
            dictFreeUnlinkedEntry(d,de);
            size--;
        }

        /* Reply with what's in the dict and release memory */
        dictIterator di;
        dictEntry *de;

        dictInitIterator(&di, d);
        while ((de = dictNext(&di)) != NULL) {
            if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            addReplyBulkSds(c, dictGetKey(de));
            if (withscores)
                addReplyDouble(c, dictGetDoubleVal(de));
        }

        dictResetIterator(&di);
        dictRelease(d);
    }

    /* CASE 4: We have a big zset compared to the requested number of elements.
     * In this case we can simply get random elements from the zset and add
     * to the temporary set, trying to eventually get enough unique elements
     * to reach the specified count. */
    else {
        /* Hashtable encoding (generic implementation) */
        unsigned long added = 0;
        dict *d = dictCreate(&hashDictType);
        dictExpand(d, count);

        while (added < count) {
            listpackEntry key;
            double score;
            zsetTypeRandomElement(zsetobj, size, &key, withscores ? &score: NULL);

            /* Try to add the object to the dictionary. If it already exists
            * free it, otherwise increment the number of objects we have
            * in the result dictionary. */
            sds skey = zsetSdsFromListpackEntry(&key);
            if (dictAdd(d,skey,NULL) != DICT_OK) {
                sdsfree(skey);
                continue;
            }
            added++;

            if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            zsetReplyFromListpackEntry(c, &key);
            if (withscores)
                addReplyDouble(c, score);
        }

        /* Release memory */
        dictRelease(d);
    }
    zuiClearIterator(&src);
out:
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(c->argv[1]->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zsetobj));
}

/* ZRANDMEMBER key [<count> [WITHSCORES]] */
void zrandmemberCommand(client *c) {
    long l;
    int withscores = 0;
    kvobj *zset;
    listpackEntry ele;
    size_t oldsize = 0;

    if (c->argc >= 3) {
        if (getRangeLongFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[2],-LONG_MAX,LONG_MAX,&l,NULL) != C_OK) return;
        if (c->argc > 4 || (c->argc == 4 && strcasecmp(c->argv[3]->ptr,"withscores"))) {
            addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
            return;
        } else if (c->argc == 4) {
            withscores = 1;
            if (l < -LONG_MAX/2 || l > LONG_MAX/2) {
                addReplyError(c,"value is out of range");
                return;
            }
        }
        zrandmemberWithCountCommand(c, l, withscores);
        return;
    }

    /* Handle variant without <count> argument. Reply with simple bulk string */
    if ((zset = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,c->argv[1],shared.null[c->resp]))== NULL ||
        checkType(c,zset,OBJ_ZSET)) {
        return;
    }

    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        oldsize = zsetAllocSize(zset);
    zsetTypeRandomElement(zset, zsetLength(zset), &ele,NULL);
    zsetReplyFromListpackEntry(c,&ele);
    if (server.memory_tracking_per_slot)
        updateSlotAllocSize(c->db, getKeySlot(c->argv[1]->ptr), oldsize, zsetAllocSize(zset));
}

/* ZMPOP/BZMPOP
 *
 * 'numkeys_idx' parameter position of key number.
 * 'is_block' this indicates whether it is a blocking variant. */
void zmpopGenericCommand(client *c, int numkeys_idx, int is_block) {
    long j;
    long numkeys = 0;      /* Number of keys. */
    int where = 0;         /* ZSET_MIN or ZSET_MAX. */
    long count = -1;       /* Reply will consist of up to count elements, depending on the zset's length. */

    /* Parse the numkeys. */
    if (getRangeLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[numkeys_idx], 1, LONG_MAX,
                                      &numkeys, "numkeys should be greater than 0") != C_OK)
        return;

    /* Parse the where. where_idx: the index of where in the c->argv. */
    long where_idx = numkeys_idx + numkeys + 1;
    if (where_idx >= c->argc) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c, shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }
    if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[where_idx]->ptr, "MIN")) {
        where = ZSET_MIN;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[where_idx]->ptr, "MAX")) {
        where = ZSET_MAX;
    } else {
        addReplyErrorObject(c, shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }

    /* Parse the optional arguments. */
    for (j = where_idx + 1; j < c->argc; j++) {
        char *opt = c->argv[j]->ptr;
        int moreargs = (c->argc - 1) - j;

        if (count == -1 && !strcasecmp(opt, "COUNT") && moreargs) {
            j++;
            if (getRangeLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[j], 1, LONG_MAX,
                                              &count,"count should be greater than 0") != C_OK)
                return;
        } else {
            addReplyErrorObject(c, shared.syntaxerr);
            return;
        }
    }

    if (count == -1) count = 1;

    if (is_block) {
        /* BLOCK. We will handle CLIENT_DENY_BLOCKING flag in blockingGenericZpopCommand. */
        blockingGenericZpopCommand(c, c->argv+numkeys_idx+1, numkeys, where, 1, count, 1, 1);
    } else {
        /* NON-BLOCK */
        genericZpopCommand(c, c->argv+numkeys_idx+1, numkeys, where, 1, count, 1, 1, NULL);
    }
}

/* ZMPOP numkeys key [<key> ...] MIN|MAX [COUNT count] */
void zmpopCommand(client *c) {
    zmpopGenericCommand(c, 1, 0);
}

/* BZMPOP timeout numkeys key [<key> ...] MIN|MAX [COUNT count] */
void bzmpopCommand(client *c) {
    zmpopGenericCommand(c, 2, 1);
}

#ifdef REDIS_TEST
#include <assert.h>
#include "testhelp.h"

/* Verify the entire skiplist structure for debugging purposes:
 * - Header node has correct structure
 * - Level is correct (highest non-NULL level)
 * - Forward and backward pointers are correct
 * - Scores are in sorted order (with lexicographic tie-breaking)
 * - Node levels stored in level[0].span are correct
 * - Span values across all levels sum to zsl->length
 * - Length matches actual node count
 * - Tail pointer is correct
 *
 * Panics with detailed error message if any invariant is violated. */
static void zslDebugVerifyStruct(zskiplist *zsl) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    unsigned long length = 0;
    int i;

    /* Verify header node */
    serverAssert(zsl->header != NULL);
    serverAssert(zslGetNodeInfo(zsl->header)->sdsoffset == ZSL_OFFSET_NO_ELE);
    serverAssert(zsl->header->backward == NULL);

    /* Verify level is in valid range */
    serverAssert(zsl->level >= 1 && zsl->level <= ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL);

    /* Verify that all levels >= zsl->level in header are NULL */
    for (i = zsl->level; i < ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL; i++) {
        serverAssert(zsl->header->level[i].forward == NULL);
        serverAssert(zsl->header->level[i].span == 0);
    }

    /* Verify that level zsl->level-1 has at least one node (if list is not empty) */
    if (zsl->length > 0) {
        serverAssert(zsl->header->level[zsl->level-1].forward != NULL);
    }

    /* Single pass: verify forward/backward pointers, scores, node levels, and accumulate spans */
    x = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
    zskiplistNode *prev = NULL;

    while (x) {
        length++;

        /* Verify backward pointer */
        serverAssert(x->backward == prev);

        /* Verify node has valid element */
        serverAssert(zslGetNodeInfo(x)->sdsoffset != ZSL_OFFSET_NO_ELE);

        /* Verify node level is in valid range */
        unsigned long node_level = zslGetNodeInfo(x)->levels;
        serverAssert(node_level >= 1 && node_level <= ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL);

        /* Verify score ordering */
        if (x->level[0].forward) {
            zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
            serverAssert(next->score > x->score ||
                       (next->score == x->score && sdscmp(zslGetNodeElement(next), zslGetNodeElement(x)) > 0));
        }

        /* Verify spans are correct for all levels this node participates in.
         * Note: level 0 doesn't store span (it stores node level), so start from level 1.
         *
         * Span semantics:
         * - If forward != NULL: span represents distance to next node at this level (must be > 0)
         * - If forward == NULL: span represents number of nodes after this node at level 0
         *   (needed for zslGetRankByNode optimization) */
        for (i = 1; i < (int)node_level; i++) {
            if (x->level[i].forward) {
                /* Verify span is positive when there's a next node */
                serverAssert(x->level[i].span > 0);
            } else {
                /* When forward is NULL, span should equal the number of nodes after this node.
                 * We can verify this by counting remaining nodes at level 0. */
                unsigned long nodes_after = 0;
                zskiplistNode *temp = x->level[0].forward;
                while (temp) {
                    nodes_after++;
                    temp = temp->level[0].forward;
                }
                serverAssert(x->level[i].span == nodes_after);
            }
        }

        prev = x;
        x = x->level[0].forward;
    }

    /* Verify length matches actual count */
    serverAssert(length == zsl->length);

    /* Verify tail pointer */
    if (zsl->length == 0) {
        serverAssert(zsl->tail == NULL);
    } else {
        serverAssert(zsl->tail == prev);
        serverAssert(zsl->tail->level[0].forward == NULL);
    }

    /* Verify that the sum of spans at each level is consistent.
     * At each level, we traverse from header following forward pointers and sum all spans.
     * The sum should equal the rank of the last node at that level.
     * If the last node at a level is the tail, the sum should equal zsl->length. */
    for (i = 1; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        unsigned long span_sum = 0;
        zskiplistNode *last_at_level = zsl->header;
        x = zsl->header;
        while (x->level[i].forward) {
            span_sum += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
            last_at_level = x;
        }
        /* If the last node at this level is the tail, span sum should equal length */
        if (last_at_level == zsl->tail) {
            serverAssert(span_sum == zsl->length);
        } else {
            /* Otherwise, span sum should be less than length */
            serverAssert(span_sum < zsl->length);
        }
    }
}

int zsetTest(int argc, char **argv, int flags) {
    UNUSED(argc);
    UNUSED(argv);
    UNUSED(flags);

    printf("Testing skiplist operations with structure verification\n");

    const int N = 1000;
    zskiplist *zsl = zslCreate();

    /* Store inserted elements for later deletion */
    typedef struct {
        double score;
        sds ele;
        zskiplistNode *node;
    } InsertedElement;

    InsertedElement *elements = zmalloc(sizeof(InsertedElement) * N);

    /* Seed random number generator for reproducible tests */
    srand(12345);

    printf("Inserting %d elements with scores 0-100 (with duplicates)...\n", N);

    /* Insert N elements with random scores between 0 and 100 */
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        double score = (double)(rand() % 101); /* 0 to 100 */
        char buf[32];
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "elem%d", i);
        sds ele = sdsnew(buf);

        zskiplistNode *node = zslInsert(zsl, score, ele);

        /* Store for later deletion - keep a copy of the element name */
        elements[i].score = score;
        elements[i].ele = ele;
        elements[i].node = node;

        /* Verify structure after each insertion */
        zslDebugVerifyStruct(zsl);

        /* Query the inserted element */
        unsigned long rank = zslGetRank(zsl, score, ele);
        assert(rank != 0);

        /* Verify we can get the element by rank */
        zskiplistNode *found = zslGetElementByRank(zsl, rank);
        assert(found != NULL && found == node);

        /* Verify rank by node */
        unsigned long node_rank = zslGetRankByNode(zsl, node);
        assert(node_rank == rank);
    }

    test_cond("Insert N elements with verification",
        zsl->length == (unsigned long)N);

    printf("Deleting %d elements...\n", N);

    /* Delete all elements in reverse order */
    for (int i = N - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        double score = elements[i].score;
        sds ele = elements[i].ele;

        /* Verify element exists before deletion with valid rank */
        unsigned long rank = zslGetRank(zsl, score, ele);
        assert(rank >= 1 && rank <= (unsigned long)(i + 1));

        /* Delete the element - zslDelete frees the node's SDS string */
        zslDelete(zsl, elements[i].node);

        /* Verify structure after each deletion */
        zslDebugVerifyStruct(zsl);
        sdsfree(elements[i].ele);
    }

    test_cond("Delete N elements with verification",
        zsl->length == 0 && zsl->tail == NULL);

    zfree(elements);
    zslFree(zsl);
    
    return 0;
}
#endif