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authorMitja Felicijan <mitja.felicijan@gmail.com>2023-10-29 14:41:39 +0100
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1<!doctype html><html lang=en-us><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><link href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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" rel=icon type=image/x-icon><title>What would DNA sound if synthesized to an audio file</title><meta name=description content="IntroductionLately, I have been thinking a lot about the nature of life, what are thefoundation blocks of life and things like that."><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Mitja Felicijan's posts" href=https://mitjafelicijan.com/index.xml><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Mitja Felicijan's notes" href=https://mitjafelicijan.com/notes.xml><style>body{padding:1rem;max-width:760px;background:#fff;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1.35rem;font-size:16px;margin:0 auto}hr{margin-block-start:1.5rem}h1,h2,h3{line-height:initial}h1{font-size:xx-large}footer{margin-block-start:2rem}cap{text-transform:capitalize}table{max-width:100%;width:100%;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px;border:1px solid #000;border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999}blockquote{font-style:italic}table thead{background:#eee}ul.list li{padding:.2em 0}ul{line-height:1.4em}td,th{border:1px solid #000;padding:4px;border-right:1px solid #999;border-bottom:1px solid #999;text-align:left}pre{text-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 1em;border:1px solid #dcdcdc}code{padding:0 3px;font-size:14px;border:0}pre code{line-height:1.3em}pre,code,pre *,code *{font-family:monospace}figure{margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:0}figcaption{text-align:center}figcaption p{margin:.3em 0 0}img,video,audio{max-width:100%}header{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:3rem}nav{display:flex;gap:.75rem}nav.main{flex-grow:1}.pstatus-orange{background:gold}.pstatus-green{background:#9acd32}.pstatus-red{background:#cd5c5c}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){body{padding:15px}header{flex-direction:column;gap:1rem}a{word-wrap:break-word}}</style><header><nav class=main itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement role=toolbar><a href=/>Home</a>
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7<a href=/index.xml target=_blank>RSS</a></nav></header><main role=main><article itemtype=http://schema.org/Article><h1 itemtype=headline>What would DNA sound if synthesized to an audio file</h1><p><cap>post</cap>, Jul 5, 2022 on <a href=https://mitjafelicijan.com>Mitja Felicijan's blog</a><div><h2 id=introduction>Introduction</h2><p>Lately, I have been thinking a lot about the nature of life, what are the
8foundation blocks of life and things like that. It's remarkable how complex and
9on the other hand simple the creation is when you look at it. The miracle of
10life keeps us grounded when our imagination goes wild. If the DNA are the blocks
11of life, you could consider them to be an API nature provided us to better
12understand all of this chaos masquerading as order.<p>I have been reading a lot about superintelligence and our somehow misguided path
13to create general artificial intelligence. What would the building blocks or our
14creation look like? Is the compression really the ultimate storage of
15information? Will our creation also ponder this questions when creating new
16worlds for themselves, or will we just disappear into the vastness of
17possibilities? It is a little offensive that we are playing God whilst being
18completely ignorant of our own reality. Who knows! Like many other
19breakthroughs, this one will also come at a cost not known to us when it finally
20happens.<p>To keep things a bit lighter, I decided to convert some popular DNA sequences
21into an audio files for us to listen to. I am not the first one, nor I will be
22the last one to do this. But it is an interesting exercise in better
23understanding the relationship between art and science. Maybe listening to DNA
24instead of parsing it will find a way into better understanding, or at least
25enjoying the creation and cryptic nature of life.<h2 id=dna-encoding-and-primer-example>DNA encoding and primer example</h2><p>I have been exploring DNA in the past in my post from about 3 years ago in
26<a href=/encoding-binary-data-into-dna-sequence.html>Encoding binary data into DNA
27sequence</a> where I have been
28converting all sorts of data into DNA sequences.<p>This will be a similar exercise but instead of converting to DNA, I will be
29generating tones from Nucleotides.<table><thead><tr><th>Nucleotides<th>Note<th>Frequency<tbody><tr><td><strong>A</strong> (Adenine)<td>A<td>440 Hz<tr><td><strong>C</strong> (Cytosine)<td>C<td>783.99 Hz<tr><td><strong>G</strong> (Guanine)<td>G<td>523.25 Hz<tr><td><strong>T</strong> (Thymine)<td>D<td>587.33 Hz</table><p>Since we do not have T in equal-tempered scale, I choose D to represent T note.<p>You can check <a href=https://pages.mtu.edu/~suits/notefreqs.html>Frequencies for equal-tempered scale, A4 = 440
30Hz</a>. For this tuning, we also
31choose <code>Speed of Sound = 345 m/s = 1130 ft/s = 770 miles/hr</code>.<p>Now that we have this out of the way, we can also brush up on the DNA sequencing
32a bit. This is a famous quote I also used for the encoding tests, and it goes
33like this.<blockquote><p>How wonderful that we have met with a paradox. Now we have some hope of
34making progress.
35― Niels Bohr</blockquote><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>&gt;SEQ1
36</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>GACAGCTTGTGTACAAGTGTGCTTGCTCGCGAGCGGGTACGCGCGTGGGCTAACAAGTGA
37</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>GCCAGCAGGTGAACAAGTGTGCGGACAAGCCAGCAGGTGCGCGGACAAGCTGGCGGGTGA
38</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ACAAGTGTGCCGGTGAGCCAACAAGCAGACAAGTAAGCAGGTACGCAGGCGAGCTTGTCA
39</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ACTCACAAGATCGCTTGTGTACAAGTGTGCGGACAAGCCAGCAGGTGCGCGGACAAGTAT
40</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>GCTTGCTGGCGGACAAGCCAGCTTGTAAGCGGACAAGCTTGCGCACAAGCTGGCAGGCCT
41</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>GCCGGCTCGCGTACAAATTCACAAGTAAGTACGCTTGCGTGTACGCGGGTATGTATACTC
42</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>AACCTCACCAAACGGGACAAGATCGCCGGCGGGCTAGTATACAAGAACGCTTGCCAGTAC
43</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>AACC
44</span></span></code></pre><p>This is what we gonna work with to get things rolling forward, when creating
45parser and waveform generator.<h2 id=parsing-dna-data>Parsing DNA data</h2><p>This step is rather simple one. All we need to do is parse input DNA sequence in
46<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTA_format>FASTA format</a> well known in
47<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics>Bioinformatics</a> to extract single
48Nucleotides that will be converted into separate tones based on equal-tempered
49scale explained above.<pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>nucleotide_tone_map = {
50</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;A&#39;</span>: 440,
51</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;C&#39;</span>: 523.25,
52</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;G&#39;</span>: 783.99,
53</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;T&#39;</span>: 587.33, <span style=color:green># converted to D</span>
54</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>}
55</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
56</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>def</span> split(word):
57</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>return</span> [char <span style=color:#00f>for</span> char <span style=color:#00f>in</span> word]
58</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
59</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>def</span> generate_from_dna_sequence(sequence):
60</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>for</span> nucleotide <span style=color:#00f>in</span> split(sequence):
61</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> print(nucleotide, nucleotide_tone_map[nucleotide])
62</span></span></code></pre><h2 id=generating-sine-wave>Generating sine wave</h2><p>Because we are essentially creating a long stream of notes we will be appending
63sine notes to a global array we will later use for creating a WAV file out of
64it.<pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>import</span> math
65</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
66</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>def</span> append_sinewave(freq=440.0, duration_milliseconds=500, volume=1.0):
67</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>global</span> audio
68</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
69</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> num_samples = duration_milliseconds * (sample_rate / 1000.0)
70</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
71</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>for</span> x <span style=color:#00f>in</span> range(int(num_samples)):
72</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> audio.append(volume * math.sin(2 * math.pi * freq * (x / sample_rate)))
73</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
74</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>return</span>
75</span></span></code></pre><p>The sine wave generated here is the standard beep. If you want something more
76aggressive, you could try a square or saw tooth waveform.<h2 id=generating-a-wav-file-from-accumulated-sine-waves>Generating a WAV file from accumulated sine waves</h2><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>import</span> wave
77</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>import</span> struct
78</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
79</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>def</span> save_wav(file_name):
80</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> wav_file = wave.open(file_name, <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;w&#39;</span>)
81</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> nchannels = 1
82</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> sampwidth = 2
83</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
84</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> nframes = len(audio)
85</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> comptype = <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;NONE&#39;</span>
86</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> compname = <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;not compressed&#39;</span>
87</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> wav_file.setparams((nchannels, sampwidth, sample_rate, nframes, comptype, compname))
88</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
89</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>for</span> sample <span style=color:#00f>in</span> audio:
90</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> wav_file.writeframes(struct.pack(<span style=color:#a31515>&#39;h&#39;</span>, int(sample * 32767.0)))
91</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
92</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> wav_file.close()
93</span></span></code></pre><p>44100 is the industry standard sample rate - CD quality. If you need to save on
94file size, you can adjust it downwards. The standard for low quality is, 8000 or
958kHz.<p>WAV files here are using short, 16 bit, signed integers for the sample size.
96So, we multiply the floating-point data we have by 32767, the maximum value for
97a short integer.<blockquote><p>It is theoretically possible to use the floating point -1.0 to 1.0 data
98directly in a WAV file, but not obvious how to do that using the wave module
99in Python.</blockquote><h2 id=generating-spectograms>Generating Spectograms</h2><p>I have tried two methods of doing this and both were just fine. I however opted
100out to use the <a href=https://linux.die.net/man/1/sox>SoX - Sound eXchange, the Swiss Army knife of audio
101manipulation</a> one because it didn't require
102anything else.<pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sox output.wav -n spectrogram -o spectrogram.png
103</span></span></code></pre><p>An example spectrogram of Ludwig van Beethoven Symphony No. 6 First movement.</p><audio controls><source src=/posts/dna-synthesized/symphony-no6-1st-movement.mp3 type=audio/mpeg></audio><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/symphony-no6-1st-movement.png alt="Ludwig van Beethoven Symphony No. 6 First movement"></figure><p>The other option could also be in combination with
104<a href=http://www.gnuplot.info/>gnuplot</a>. This would require an intermediary step,
105however.<pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sox output.wav audio.dat
106</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>tail -n+3 audio.dat &gt; audio_only.dat
107</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>gnuplot audio.gpi
108</span></span></code></pre><p>And input file <code>audio.gpi</code> that would be passed to gnuplot looks something like
109this.<pre><code># set output format and size
110set term png size 1000,280
111
112# set output file
113set output &quot;audio.png&quot;
114
115# set y range
116set yr [-1:1]
117
118# we want just the data
119unset key
120unset tics
121unset border
122set lmargin 0
123set rmargin 0
124set tmargin 0
125set bmargin 0
126
127# draw rectangle to change background color
128set obj 1 rectangle behind from screen 0,0 to screen 1,1
129set obj 1 fillstyle solid 1.0 fillcolor rgbcolor &quot;#ffffff&quot;
130
131# draw data with foreground color
132plot &quot;audio_only.dat&quot; with lines lt rgb 'red'
133</code></pre><h2 id=pre-generated-sequences>Pre-generated sequences</h2><p>What I did was take interesting parts from an animal's genome and feed it to a
134tone generator script. This then generated a WAV file and I converted those to
135MP3, so they can be played in a browser. The last step was creating a
136spectrogram based on a WAV file.<h3 id=niels-bohr-quote>Niels Bohr quote</h3><audio controls><source src=/posts/dna-synthesized/quote/out.mp3 type=audio/mpeg></audio><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/quote/spectogram.png alt=Spectogram></figure><h3 id=mouse>Mouse</h3><p>This is part of a mouse genome <code>Mus_musculus.GRCm39.dna.nonchromosomal</code>. You
137can get <a href=http://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-106/fasta/mus_musculus/dna/>genom data
138here</a>.</p><audio controls><source src=/posts/dna-synthesized/mouse/out.mp3 type=audio/mpeg></audio><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/mouse/spectogram.png alt=Spectogram></figure><h3 id=bison>Bison</h3><p>This is part of a bison genome <code>Bison_bison_bison.Bison_UMD1.0.cdna</code>. You can
139get <a href=http://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-106/fasta/bison_bison_bison/cdna/>genom data
140here</a>.</p><audio controls><source src=/posts/dna-synthesized/bison/out.mp3 type=audio/mpeg></audio><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/bison/spectogram.png alt=Spectogram></figure><h3 id=taurus>Taurus</h3><p>This is part of a taurus genome <code>Bos_taurus.ARS-UCD1.2.cdna</code>. You can get
141<a href=http://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-106/fasta/bos_taurus/cdna/>genom data
142here</a>.</p><audio controls><source src=/posts/dna-synthesized/taurus/out.mp3 type=audio/mpeg></audio><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/taurus/spectogram.png alt=Spectogram></figure><h2 id=making-a-drummer-out-of-a-dna-sequence>Making a drummer out of a DNA sequence</h2><p>To make things even more interesting, I decided to send this data via MIDI to my
143<a href=https://www.elektron.se/en/model-samples>Elektron Model:Samples</a>. This is a
144really cool piece of equipment that supports MIDI in via USB and 3.5 mm audio
145jack.<p>Elektron is connected to my MacBook via USB cable and audio out is patched to a
146Sony Bluetooth speaker I have that supports 3.5 mm audio in. Elektron doesn't
147have internal speakers.<figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/elektron/IMG_0619.jpg alt></figure><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/elektron/IMG_0620.jpg alt></figure><figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/elektron/IMG_0622.jpg alt></figure><p>For communicating with Elektron, I choose <code>pygame</code> Python module that has MIDI
148built in. With this, it was rather simple to send notes to the device. All I did
149was map MIDI notes to the actual Nucleotides.<p>Before all of this I also checked Audio MIDI Setup app under MacOS and checked
150MIDI Studio by pressing ⌘-2.<figure><img src=/posts/dna-synthesized/elektron/midi-studio.jpg alt></figure><p>The whole script that parses and send notes to the Elektron looks like this.<pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>import</span> pygame.midi
151</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>import</span> time
152</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
153</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>pygame.midi.init()
154</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
155</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>print(pygame.midi.get_default_output_id())
156</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>print(pygame.midi.get_device_info(0))
157</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
158</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>player = pygame.midi.Output(1)
159</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>player.set_instrument(2)
160</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
161</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>def</span> send_note(note, velocity):
162</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#00f>global</span> player
163</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> player.note_on(note, velocity)
164</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> time.sleep(0.3)
165</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> player.note_off(note, velocity)
166</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
167</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
168</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>nucleotide_midi_map = {
169</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;A&#39;</span>: 60,
170</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;C&#39;</span>: 90,
171</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;G&#39;</span>: 160,
172</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;T&#39;</span>: 180, <span style=color:green># is D</span>
173</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>}
174</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
175</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>with</span> open(<span style=color:#a31515>&#34;quote.fa&#34;</span>) <span style=color:#00f>as</span> f:
176</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> sequence = f.read().replace(<span style=color:#a31515>&#39;</span><span style=color:#a31515>\n</span><span style=color:#a31515>&#39;</span>, <span style=color:#a31515>&#39;&#39;</span>)
177</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
178</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>for</span> nucleotide <span style=color:#00f>in</span> [char <span style=color:#00f>for</span> char <span style=color:#00f>in</span> sequence]:
179</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> print(<span style=color:#a31515>&#34;Playing nucleotide </span><span style=color:#a31515>{}</span><span style=color:#a31515> with MIDI note </span><span style=color:#a31515>{}</span><span style=color:#a31515>&#34;</span>.format(
180</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> nucleotide, nucleotide_midi_map[nucleotide]))
181</span></span><span style=display:flex><span> send_note(nucleotide_midi_map[nucleotide], 127)
182</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
183</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#00f>del</span> player
184</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>pygame.midi.quit()
185</span></span></code></pre><p><video src=/posts/dna-synthesized/elektron/elektron.mp4 controls></video><p>All of this could be made much more interesting if I choose different
186instruments for different Nucleotides, or doing more funky stuff with Elektron.
187But for now, this should be enough. It is just a proof of concept. Something to
188play around with.<h2 id=going-even-further>Going even further</h2><p>As you probably notice, the end results are quite similar to each other. This is
189to be expected because we are operating only with 4 notes essentially. What
190could make this more interesting is using something like
191<a href=https://supercollider.github.io/>Supercollider</a> to create more interesting
192sounds. By transposing notes or using effects based on repeated data in a
193sequence. Possibilities are endless.<p>It is really astonishing what can be achieved with a little bit of code and an
194idea. I could see this becoming an interesting background soundscape instrument
195if done properly. It could replace random note generator with something more
196intriguing, biological, natural.<p>I actually find the results fascinating. I took some time and listened to this
197music of nature. Even though it's quite the same, it's also quite different.
198The subtle differences on repeat kind of creates music on its own. Makes you
199wonder. It kind of puts Occam’s Razor in its place. Nature for sure loves to
200make things as energy efficient as possible.</div></article></main><section><hr><h2>Posts from blogs I follow around the net</h2><ul><li><a href=https://chotrin.org/writing/2023-10-20.html target=_blank rel=noopener>OpenBSD upgrade and fall things.</a><div>Been AFK for a bit. It's autumn and I upgraded this server to OpenBSD 7.4! — <a href=https://chotrin.org>chötrin's wiki.</a><li><a href=https://mirzapandzo.com/next-image-url-parameter-is-valid-but-upstream-response-is-invalid target=_blank rel=noopener>Next/Image "url" parameter is valid but upstream response is invalid</a><div>Getting "url" parameter is valid but upstream response is invalid error with Next/Image on WSL2 — <a href=https://mirzapandzo.com/>Mirza Pandzo's Blog</a><li><a href=https://drewdevault.com/2023/10/13/Going-off-script.html target=_blank rel=noopener>Going off-script</a><div>There is a phenomenon in society which I find quite bizarre. Upon our entry to
201this mortal coil, we are endowed with self-awareness, agency, and free will.
202Each of th… — <a href=https://drewdevault.com>Drew DeVault's blog</a><li><a href=https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2023/10/workshop-in-rotterdam-how-to-build-a-bike-generator/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Workshop in Rotterdam: How to Build a Bike Generator</a><div>Afbeelding: Low-tech Magazine workshop in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Poster: Marie Verdeil. Image: Sara Vercauteren
203The workshop takes place on behalf of the “Hou… — <a href=https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/posts/>LOW←TECH MAGAZINE English</a><li><a href="http://offbeatpursuit.com:80/blog/?id=24" target=_blank rel=noopener>Printf debugging</a><div>tags:
204plan9
205There’s no shame in that. Yes, there is documentation, code to be
206read, and debuggers to be used. But sometimes you just need to “see”
207what is happening.
208So… — <a href=http://offbeatpursuit.com:80/blog/>WLOG - blog</a><li><a href=https://neil.computer/notes/chart-of-accounts-for-startups-and-saas-companies/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Chart of Accounts for Startups and SaaS Companies</a><div>Accounting is fundamental to starting a business. You need to have a basic understanding of accounting principles and essential bookkeeping. I had to learn it. Ther… — <a href=https://neil.computer/>Neil Panchal</a><li><a href=https://journal.valeriansaliou.name/deploy-a-nomad-cluster-on-alpine-linux-with-vultr/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Deploy a Nomad Cluster on Alpine Linux with Vultr</a><div>After spending countless hours trying to understand how to deploy my apps on Kubernetes for the first time to host Mirage, an AI API service that I run, I ended up … — <a href=https://journal.valeriansaliou.name/>Valerian Saliou</a><li><a href=https://jcs.org/2023/10/17/wikipedia target=_blank rel=noopener>Wikipedia Reader 1.0 Released</a><div>Wikipedia Reader
2091.0 has been released:
210wikipedia-1.0.sit
211(StuffIt 3 archive, includes
212source code
213and THINK C 5 project file)
214SHA256: 360e12d064f6579695f1e627ce34cb2f0… — <a href=https://jcs.org/>joshua stein</a></ul><p><a href=https://git.sr.ht/~sircmpwn/openring>Generated with openring.</a></section><footer><hr><p><big><strong>Want to comment or have something to add?</strong></big><p>You can write me an email
215at <a href=mailto:m@mitjafelicijan.com>m@mitjafelicijan.com</a> or
216catch up with me <a href=https://telegram.me/mitjafelicijan target=_blank>on Telegram</a>.<hr><p>This website does not track you. Content is made available under
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