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1<!doctype html><html lang=en-us><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><link href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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" rel=icon type=image/x-icon><title>List of essential Linux commands for server management</title><meta name=description content="Generate SSH keyssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C &amp;#34;your_email@example."><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Mitja Felicijan's posts" href=https://mitjafelicijan.com/index.xml><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Mitja Felicijan's notes" href=https://mitjafelicijan.com/notes.xml><style>body{padding:1rem;max-width:760px;background:#fff;font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1.35rem;font-size:16px;margin:0 auto}hr{margin-block-start:1.5rem}h1,h2,h3{line-height:initial}h1{font-size:xx-large}footer{margin-block-start:2rem}cap{text-transform:capitalize}table{max-width:100%;width:100%;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px;border:1px solid #000;border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999}blockquote{font-style:italic}table thead{background:#eee}ul.list li{padding:.2em 0}ul{line-height:1.4em}td,th{border:1px solid #000;padding:4px;border-right:1px solid #999;border-bottom:1px solid #999;text-align:left}pre{text-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 1em;border:1px solid #dcdcdc}code{padding:0 3px;font-size:14px;border:0}pre code{line-height:1.3em}pre,code,pre *,code *{font-family:monospace}figure{margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:0}figcaption{text-align:center}figcaption p{margin:.3em 0 0}img,video,audio{max-width:100%}header{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:3rem}nav{display:flex;gap:.75rem}nav.main{flex-grow:1}.pstatus-orange{background:gold}.pstatus-green{background:#9acd32}.pstatus-red{background:#cd5c5c}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){body{padding:15px}header{flex-direction:column;gap:1rem}a{word-wrap:break-word}}</style><header><nav class=main itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement role=toolbar><a href=/>Home</a>
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7<a href=/index.xml target=_blank>RSS</a></nav></header><main role=main><article itemtype=http://schema.org/Article><h1 itemtype=headline>List of essential Linux commands for server management</h1><p><cap>post</cap>, Aug 1, 2021 on <a href=https://mitjafelicijan.com>Mitja Felicijan's blog</a><div><p><strong>Generate SSH key</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C <span style=color:#a31515>&#34;your_email@example.com&#34;</span>
8</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
9</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># when no support for Ed25519 present</span>
10</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C <span style=color:#a31515>&#34;your_email@example.com&#34;</span>
11</span></span></code></pre><p>Note: By default SSH keys get stored to <code>/home/&lt;username>/.ssh/</code> folder.<p><strong>Login to host via SSH</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># connect to host as your local username</span>
12</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ssh host
13</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
14</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># connect to host as user</span>
15</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ssh &lt;user&gt;@&lt;host&gt;
16</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
17</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># connect to host using port</span>
18</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ssh -p &lt;port&gt; &lt;user&gt;@&lt;host&gt;
19</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Execute command on a server through SSH</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># execute one command</span>
20</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ssh root@100.100.100.100 <span style=color:#a31515>&#34;ls /root&#34;</span>
21</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
22</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># execute many commands</span>
23</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ssh root@100.100.100.100 <span style=color:#a31515>&#34;cd /root;touch file.txt&#34;</span>
24</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays currently logged in users in the system</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>w
25</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays Linux system information</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>uname
26</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays kernel release information</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>uname -r
27</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Shows the system hostname</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>hostname
28</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Shows system reboot history</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>last reboot
29</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays information about the user</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install finger
30</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>finger &lt;username&gt;
31</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays IP addresses and all the network interfaces</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>ip addr show
32</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Downloads a file from an online source</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>wget https://example.com/example.tgz
33</span></span></code></pre><p>Note: If URL contains ?, & enclose the URL in double quotes.<p><strong>Compress a file with gzip</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># will not keep the original file</span>
34</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>gzip file.txt
35</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
36</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># will keep the original file</span>
37</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>gzip --keep file.txt
38</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Interactive disk usage analyzer</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install ncdu
39</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
40</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ncdu
41</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>ncdu &lt;path/to/directory&gt;
42</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Install Node.js using the Node Version Manager</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.35.3/install.sh | bash
43</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>source ~/.bashrc
44</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
45</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>nvm install v13
46</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Too long; didn't read</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>npm install -g tldr
47</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
48</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>tldr tar
49</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Combine all Nginx access logs to one big log file</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>zcat -f /var/log/nginx/access.log* &gt; /var/log/nginx/access-all.log
50</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Set up Redis server</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install redis-server redis-tools
51</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
52</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># check if server is running</span>
53</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo service redis status
54</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
55</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># set and get a key value</span>
56</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>redis-cli set mykey myvalue
57</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>redis-cli get mykey
58</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
59</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># interactive shell</span>
60</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>redis-cli
61</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Generate statistics of your webserver</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install goaccess
62</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
63</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># check if installed</span>
64</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>goaccess -v
65</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
66</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># combine logs</span>
67</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>zcat -f /var/log/nginx/access.log* &gt; /var/log/nginx/access-all.log
68</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
69</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># export to single html</span>
70</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>goaccess <span style=color:#a31515>\
71</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#a31515></span> --log-file=/var/log/nginx/access-all.log <span style=color:#a31515>\
72</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#a31515></span> --log-format=COMBINED <span style=color:#a31515>\
73</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#a31515></span> --exclude-ip=0.0.0.0 <span style=color:#a31515>\
74</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#a31515></span> --ignore-crawlers <span style=color:#a31515>\
75</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#a31515></span> --real-os <span style=color:#a31515>\
76</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#a31515></span> --output=/var/www/html/stats.html
77</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
78</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># cleanup afterwards</span>
79</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>rm /var/log/nginx/access-all.log
80</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Search for a given pattern in files</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>grep -r ‘pattern’ files
81</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Find proccess ID for a specific program</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>pgrep nginx
82</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Print name of current/working directory</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>pwd
83</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Creates a blank new file</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>touch newfile.txt
84</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays first lines in a file</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># -n &lt;x&gt; presents the number of lines (10 by default)</span>
85</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>head -n 20 somefile.txt
86</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays last lines in a file</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># -n &lt;x&gt; presents the number of lines (10 by default)</span>
87</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>tail -n 20 somefile.txt
88</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
89</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># -f follows the changes in file (doesn&#39;t closes)</span>
90</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>tail -f somefile.txt
91</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Count lines in a file</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>wc -l somefile.txt
92</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Find all instances of the file</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install mlocate
93</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
94</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>locate somefile.txt
95</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Find file names that begin with ‘index’ in /home folder</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>find /home/ -name <span style=color:#a31515>&#34;index&#34;</span>
96</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Find files larger than 100MB in the home folder</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>find /home -size +100M
97</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays block devices related information</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>lsblk
98</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays free space on mounted systems</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>df -h
99</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays free and used memory in the system</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>free -h
100</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Displays all active listening ports</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install net-tools
101</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>
102</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>netstat -pnltu
103</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Kill a process violently</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>kill -9 &lt;pid&gt;
104</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>List files opened by user</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span>lsof -u &lt;user&gt;
105</span></span></code></pre><p><strong>Execute "df -h", showing periodic updates</strong><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#fff><code><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:green># -n 1 means every second</span>
106</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>watch -n 1 df -h
107</span></span></code></pre></div></article></main><section><hr><h2>Posts from blogs I follow around the net</h2><ul><li><a href=https://chotrin.org/writing/2023-10-20.html target=_blank rel=noopener>OpenBSD upgrade and fall things.</a><div>Been AFK for a bit. It's autumn and I upgraded this server to OpenBSD 7.4! — <a href=https://chotrin.org>chötrin's wiki.</a><li><a href=https://mirzapandzo.com/next-image-url-parameter-is-valid-but-upstream-response-is-invalid target=_blank rel=noopener>Next/Image "url" parameter is valid but upstream response is invalid</a><div>Getting "url" parameter is valid but upstream response is invalid error with Next/Image on WSL2 — <a href=https://mirzapandzo.com/>Mirza Pandzo's Blog</a><li><a href=https://drewdevault.com/2023/10/13/Going-off-script.html target=_blank rel=noopener>Going off-script</a><div>There is a phenomenon in society which I find quite bizarre. Upon our entry to
108this mortal coil, we are endowed with self-awareness, agency, and free will.
109Each of th… — <a href=https://drewdevault.com>Drew DeVault's blog</a><li><a href=https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2023/10/workshop-in-rotterdam-how-to-build-a-bike-generator/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Workshop in Rotterdam: How to Build a Bike Generator</a><div>Afbeelding: Low-tech Magazine workshop in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Poster: Marie Verdeil. Image: Sara Vercauteren
110The workshop takes place on behalf of the “Hou… — <a href=https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/posts/>LOW←TECH MAGAZINE English</a><li><a href="http://offbeatpursuit.com:80/blog/?id=24" target=_blank rel=noopener>Printf debugging</a><div>tags:
111plan9
112There’s no shame in that. Yes, there is documentation, code to be
113read, and debuggers to be used. But sometimes you just need to “see”
114what is happening.
115So… — <a href=http://offbeatpursuit.com:80/blog/>WLOG - blog</a><li><a href=https://neil.computer/notes/chart-of-accounts-for-startups-and-saas-companies/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Chart of Accounts for Startups and SaaS Companies</a><div>Accounting is fundamental to starting a business. You need to have a basic understanding of accounting principles and essential bookkeeping. I had to learn it. Ther… — <a href=https://neil.computer/>Neil Panchal</a><li><a href=https://journal.valeriansaliou.name/deploy-a-nomad-cluster-on-alpine-linux-with-vultr/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Deploy a Nomad Cluster on Alpine Linux with Vultr</a><div>After spending countless hours trying to understand how to deploy my apps on Kubernetes for the first time to host Mirage, an AI API service that I run, I ended up … — <a href=https://journal.valeriansaliou.name/>Valerian Saliou</a><li><a href=https://jcs.org/2023/10/17/wikipedia target=_blank rel=noopener>Wikipedia Reader 1.0 Released</a><div>Wikipedia Reader
1161.0 has been released:
117wikipedia-1.0.sit
118(StuffIt 3 archive, includes
119source code
120and THINK C 5 project file)
121SHA256: 360e12d064f6579695f1e627ce34cb2f0… — <a href=https://jcs.org/>joshua stein</a></ul><p><a href=https://git.sr.ht/~sircmpwn/openring>Generated with openring.</a></section><footer><hr><p><big><strong>Want to comment or have something to add?</strong></big><p>You can write me an email
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