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$ <span class="token function">sudo</span> pip <span class="token function">install</span> virtualenv

<span class="token comment"># let's also install pyprof2calltree globally</span>
$ <span class="token function">sudo</span> pip <span class="token function">install</span> pyprof2calltree

<span class="token comment"># now we create project</span>
$ <span class="token function">mkdir</span> demo-project
$ <span class="token function">cd</span> demo-project/

<span class="token comment"># now let's create folder where we will store profiles</span>
$ <span class="token function">mkdir</span> prof

<span class="token comment"># now we create empty virtualenv in venv/ folder</span>
$ virtualenv --no-site-packages venv

<span class="token comment"># we now need to activate virtualenv</span>
$ <span class="token function">source</span> venv/bin/activate

<span class="token comment"># you can check if virtualenv was correctly initialized by</span>
<span class="token comment"># checking where your python interpreter is located</span>
<span class="token comment"># if command bellow points to your created directory and not some</span>
<span class="token comment"># system dir like /usr/bin/python then everything is fine</span>
$ <span class="token function">which</span> python

<span class="token comment"># we can check now if all is good ➜ if ok couple of</span>
<span class="token comment"># lines will be displayed</span>
$ pip freeze
<span class="token comment"># appdirs==1.4.3</span>
<span class="token comment"># packaging==16.8</span>
<span class="token comment"># pyparsing==2.2.0</span>
<span class="token comment"># six==1.10.0</span>

<span class="token comment"># now we are ready to install bottlepy ➜ web micro-framework</span>
$ pip <span class="token function">install</span> bottle

<span class="token comment"># you can deactivate virtualenv but you will then go</span>
<span class="token comment"># under system domain ➜ for now don't deactivate</span>
$ deactivate
</code></pre><p>We are now ready to write simple web service. Let’s create file app.py and paste code bellow in this newly created file.</p><pre class=language-python><code class=language-python><span class="token comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>

<span class="token keyword">import</span> bottle
<span class="token keyword">import</span> random
<span class="token keyword">import</span> cProfile

app <span class="token operator">=</span> bottle<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Bottle<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># this function is a decorator and encapsulates function</span>
<span class="token comment"># and performs profiling and then saves it to subfolder</span>
<span class="token comment"># prof/function-name.prof</span>
<span class="token comment"># in our example only awesome_random_number function will</span>
<span class="token comment"># be profiled because it has do_cprofile defined</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">do_cprofile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>func<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
  <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">profiled_func</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>args<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">**</span>kwargs<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    profile <span class="token operator">=</span> cProfile<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Profile<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      profile<span class="token punctuation">.</span>enable<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
      result <span class="token operator">=</span> func<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>args<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">**</span>kwargs<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
      profile<span class="token punctuation">.</span>disable<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
      <span class="token keyword">return</span> result
    <span class="token keyword">finally</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      profile<span class="token punctuation">.</span>dump_stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"prof/"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>func<span class="token punctuation">.</span>__name__<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">".prof"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> profiled_func


<span class="token comment"># we use profiling over specific function with including</span>
<span class="token comment"># @do_cprofile above function declaration</span>
@app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>route<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
@do_cprofile
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">awesome_random_number</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
  awesome_random_number <span class="token operator">=</span> random<span class="token punctuation">.</span>randint<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"awesome random number is "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>awesome_random_number<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

@app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>route<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/test"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"dummy test"</span>

<span class="token keyword">if</span> __name__ <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'__main__'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
  bottle<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>
    app <span class="token operator">=</span> app<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
    host <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"0.0.0.0"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
    port <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">4000</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># run with 'python app.py'</span>
<span class="token comment"># open browser 'http://0.0.0.0:4000'</span>
</code></pre><p>When browser hits awesome_random_number() function profile is created in prof/ subfolder.</p><h2 id=visualize-profile>Visualize profile</h2><p>Now let’s create callgrind format from this cProfile output.</p><pre class=language-bash><code class=language-bash>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> prof/
$ pyprof2calltree -i awesome_random_number.prof
<span class="token comment"># this creates 'awesome_random_number.prof.log' file in the same folder</span>
</code></pre><p>This file can be opened with visualizing tools listed above. In this case we will be using Profilling Viewer under MacOS. You can open image in new tab. As you can see from this example there is hierarchy of execution order of your code.</p><p><img src=/files/profiling-viewer.png alt="Profilling Viewer"></p><blockquote><p>Make sure you convert output of the cProfile output every time you want to refresh and take a look at your possible optimizations because cProfile updates .prof file every time browser hits the function.</p></blockquote><p>This is just a simple example but when you are developing real-life applications this can be very illuminating, especially to see which parts of your code are bottlenecks and need to be optimized.</p><h2 id=update-2017-04-22>Update 2017-04-22</h2><p>Reddit user <a href=https://www.reddit.com/user/mvt>mvt</a> also recommended this awesome web based profile visualizer <a href=https://jiffyclub.github.io/snakeviz/ >SnakeViz</a> that directly takes output from <a href=https://docs.python.org/2/library/profile.html#module-cProfile>cProfile</a> module.</p><div class=reddit-embed data-embed-media=www.redditmedia.com data-embed-parent=false data-embed-live=false data-embed-uuid=583880c1-002e-41ed-a373-020a0ef2cff9 data-embed-created=2017-04-22T19:46:54.810Z><a href=https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/66v373/profiling_python_web_applications_with_visual/dgljhsb/ >Comment</a> from discussion <a href=https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/66v373/profiling_python_web_applications_with_visual/ >Profiling Python web applications with visual tools</a>.</div><script async src=https://www.redditstatic.com/comment-embed.js></script><pre class=language-bash><code class=language-bash><span class="token comment"># let's install it globally as well</span>
$ <span class="token function">sudo</span> pip <span class="token function">install</span> snakeviz

<span class="token comment"># now let's visualize</span>
$ <span class="token function">cd</span> prof/
$ snakeviz awesome_random_number.prof
<span class="token comment"># this automatically opens browser window and</span>
<span class="token comment"># shows visualized profile</span>
</code></pre><p><img src=/files/snakeviz.png alt=SnakeViz></p><p>Reddit user <a href=https://www.reddit.com/user/ccharles>ccharles</a> suggested a better way for installing pip software by targeting user level instead of using sudo.</p><div class=reddit-embed data-embed-media=www.redditmedia.com data-embed-parent=false data-embed-live=false data-embed-uuid=f4f0459e-684d-441e-bebe-eb49b2f0a31d data-embed-created=2017-04-22T19:46:10.874Z><a href=https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/66v373/profiling_python_web_applications_with_visual/dglpzkx/ >Comment</a> from discussion <a href=https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/66v373/profiling_python_web_applications_with_visual/ >Profiling Python web applications with visual tools</a>.</div><script async src=https://www.redditstatic.com/comment-embed.js></script><pre class=language-bash><code class=language-bash><span class="token comment"># now we need to add this path to our $PATH variable</span>
<span class="token comment"># we do this my adding this line at the end of your</span>
<span class="token comment"># ~/.bashrc file</span>
PATH<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable">$PATH</span><span class="token keyword">:</span><span class="token variable">$HOME</span>/.local/bin/

<span class="token comment"># in order to use this new configuration you can close</span>
<span class="token comment"># and reopen terminal or reload .bashrc file</span>
$ <span class="token function">source</span> ~/.bashrc

<span class="token comment"># now let's test if new directory is present in $PATH</span>
$ <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$PATH</span>

<span class="token comment"># now we can install on user level by adding --user</span>
<span class="token comment"># without use of sudo</span>
$ pip <span class="token function">install</span> snakeviz --user
</code></pre><p>Or as suggested by <a href=https://www.reddit.com/user/mvt>mvt</a> you can use <a href=https://github.com/mitsuhiko/pipsi>pipsi</a>.</p></article><script>var _self="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?self:{},Prism=function(){var e=/\blang(?:uage)?-([\w-]+)\b/i,t=0,a=_self.Prism={manual:_self.Prism&&_self.Prism.manual,disableWorkerMessageHandler:_self.Prism&&_self.Prism.disableWorkerMessageHandler,util:{encode:function(e){return e instanceof r?new r(e.type,a.util.encode(e.content),e.alias):"Array"===a.util.type(e)?e.map(a.util.encode):e.replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/\u00a0/g," ")},type:function(e){return Object.prototype.toString.call(e).slice(8,-1)},objId:function(e){return e.__id||Object.defineProperty(e,"__id",{value:++t}),e.__id},clone:function(e,t){var r=a.util.type(e);switch(t=t||{},r){case"Object":if(t[a.util.objId(e)])return t[a.util.objId(e)];var s={};for(var i in 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Prism.languages.c["class-name"],delete Prism.languages.c.boolean,Prism.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:/@[\w-]+?.*?(?:;|(?=\s*\{))/i,inside:{rule:/@[\w-]+/}},url:/url\((?:(["'])(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1|.*?)\)/i,selector:/[^{}\s][^{};]*?(?=\s*\{)/,string:{pattern:/("|')(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},property:/[-_a-z\xA0-\uFFFF][-\w\xA0-\uFFFF]*(?=\s*:)/i,important:/\B!important\b/i,function:/[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,punctuation:/[(){};:]/},Prism.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=Prism.languages.css,Prism.languages.markup&&(Prism.languages.insertBefore("markup","tag",{style:{pattern:/(<style[\s\S]*?>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/style>)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages.css,alias:"language-css",greedy:!0}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","attr-value",{"style-attr":{pattern:/\s*style=("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1/i,inside:{"attr-name":{pattern:/^\s*style/i,inside:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside},punctuation:/^\s*=\s*['"]|['"]\s*$/,"attr-value":{pattern:/.+/i,inside:Prism.languages.css}},alias:"language-css"}},Prism.languages.markup.tag)),Prism.languages.go=Prism.languages.extend("clike",{keyword:/\b(?:break|case|chan|const|continue|default|defer|else|fallthrough|for|func|go(?:to)?|if|import|interface|map|package|range|return|select|struct|switch|type|var)\b/,builtin:/\b(?:bool|byte|complex(?:64|128)|error|float(?:32|64)|rune|string|u?int(?:8|16|32|64)?|uintptr|append|cap|close|complex|copy|delete|imag|len|make|new|panic|print(?:ln)?|real|recover)\b/,boolean:/\b(?:_|iota|nil|true|false)\b/,operator:/[*\/%^!=]=?|\+[=+]?|-[=-]?|\|[=|]?|&(?:=|&|\^=?)?|>(?:>=?|=)?|<(?:<=?|=|-)?|:=|\.\.\./,number:/(?:\b0x[a-f\d]+|(?:\b\d+\.?\d*|\B\.\d+)(?:e[-+]?\d+)?)i?/i,string:{pattern:/(["'`])(\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1/,greedy:!0}}),delete 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pen_file_cache_errors|open_file_cache_min_uses|open_file_cache_valid|open_log_file_cache|optimize_server_names|override_charset|pcre_jit|perl|perl_modules|perl_require|perl_set|pid|pop3_auth|pop3_capabilities|port_in_redirect|post_action|postpone_output|protocol|proxy|proxy_buffer|proxy_buffer_size|proxy_buffering|proxy_buffers|proxy_busy_buffers_size|proxy_cache|proxy_cache_bypass|proxy_cache_key|proxy_cache_lock|proxy_cache_lock_timeout|proxy_cache_methods|proxy_cache_min_uses|proxy_cache_path|proxy_cache_use_stale|proxy_cache_valid|proxy_connect_timeout|proxy_cookie_domain|proxy_cookie_path|proxy_headers_hash_bucket_size|proxy_headers_hash_max_size|proxy_hide_header|proxy_http_version|proxy_ignore_client_abort|proxy_ignore_headers|proxy_intercept_errors|proxy_max_temp_file_size|proxy_method|proxy_next_upstream|proxy_no_cache|proxy_pass|proxy_pass_error_message|proxy_pass_header|proxy_pass_request_body|proxy_pass_request_headers|proxy_read_timeout|proxy_redirect|proxy_redirect_errors|proxy_send_lowat|proxy_send_timeout|proxy_set_body|proxy_set_header|proxy_ssl_session_reuse|proxy_store|proxy_store_access|proxy_temp_file_write_size|proxy_temp_path|proxy_timeout|proxy_upstream_fail_timeout|proxy_upstream_max_fails|random_index|read_ahead|real_ip_header|recursive_error_pages|request_pool_size|reset_timedout_connection|resolver|resolver_timeout|return|rewrite|root|rtsig_overflow_events|rtsig_overflow_test|rtsig_overflow_threshold|rtsig_signo|satisfy|satisfy_any|secure_link_secret|send_lowat|send_timeout|sendfile|sendfile_max_chunk|server|server_name|server_name_in_redirect|server_names_hash_bucket_size|server_names_hash_max_size|server_tokens|set|set_real_ip_from|smtp_auth|smtp_capabilities|so_keepalive|source_charset|split_clients|ssi|ssi_silent_errors|ssi_types|ssi_value_length|ssl|ssl_certificate|ssl_certificate_key|ssl_ciphers|ssl_client_certificate|ssl_crl|ssl_dhparam|ssl_engine|ssl_prefer_server_ciphers|ssl_protocols|ssl_session_cache|ssl_session_timeout|ssl_verify_client|ssl_verify_depth|starttls|stub_status|sub_filter|sub_filter_once|sub_filter_types|tcp_nodelay|tcp_nopush|timeout|timer_resolution|try_files|types|types_hash_bucket_size|types_hash_max_size|underscores_in_headers|uninitialized_variable_warn|upstream|use|user|userid|userid_domain|userid_expires|userid_name|userid_p3p|userid_path|userid_service|valid_referers|variables_hash_bucket_size|variables_hash_max_size|worker_connections|worker_cpu_affinity|worker_priority|worker_processes|worker_rlimit_core|worker_rlimit_nofile|worker_rlimit_sigpending|working_directory|xclient|xml_entities|xslt_entities|xslt_stylesheet|xslt_types)\b/i}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("nginx","keyword",{variable:/\$[a-z_]+/i}),Prism.languages.pascal={comment:[/\(\*[\s\S]+?\*\)/,/\{[\s\S]+?\}/,/\/\/.*/],string:{pattern:/(?:'(?:''|[^'\r\n])*'|#[&$%]?[a-f\d]+)+|\^[a-z]/i,greedy:!0},keyword:[{pattern:/(^|[^&])\b(?:absolute|array|asm|begin|case|const|constructor|destructor|do|downto|else|end|file|for|function|goto|if|implementation|inherited|inline|interface|label|nil|object|of|operator|packed|procedure|program|record|reintroduce|repeat|self|set|string|then|to|type|unit|until|uses|var|while|with)\b/i,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^&])\b(?:dispose|exit|false|new|true)\b/i,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^&])\b(?:class|dispinterface|except|exports|finalization|finally|initialization|inline|library|on|out|packed|property|raise|resourcestring|threadvar|try)\b/i,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^&])\b(?:absolute|abstract|alias|assembler|bitpacked|break|cdecl|continue|cppdecl|cvar|default|deprecated|dynamic|enumerator|experimental|export|external|far|far16|forward|generic|helper|implements|index|interrupt|iochecks|local|message|name|near|nodefault|noreturn|nostackframe|oldfpccall|otherwise|overload|override|pascal|platform|private|protected|public|published|read|register|reintroduce|result|safecall|saveregisters|softfloat|specialize|static|stdcall|stored|strict|unaligned|unimplemented|varargs|virtual|write)\b/i,lookbehind:!0}],number:[/(?:[&%]\d+|\$[a-f\d]+)/i,/\b\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?/i],operator:[/\.\.|\*\*|:=|<[<=>]?|>[>=]?|[+\-*\/]=?|[@^=]/i,{pattern:/(^|[^&])\b(?:and|as|div|exclude|in|include|is|mod|not|or|shl|shr|xor)\b/,lookbehind:!0}],punctuation:/\(\.|\.\)|[()\[\]:;,.]/},Prism.languages.objectpascal=Prism.languages.pascal,Prism.languages.python={comment:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},"triple-quoted-string":{pattern:/("""|''')[\s\S]+?\1/,greedy:!0,alias:"string"},string:{pattern:/("|')(?:\\.|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},function:{pattern:/((?:^|\s)def[ 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